AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Reading/CHEM571Fall2012LitSurvey

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Adenosine Deaminase

Activity Assays

Development of a rapid, microplate-based kinetic assay for measuring adenosine deaminase activity in bodily fluids

• The conversion of adenosine to inosine by adenosine deaminase was spectroscopically analyzed at 265 nm for a period of 15 minutes. The number of assays that could be conducted at one time was increased by carrying out analysis in 96-well microplates. This assay also varies from the standard procedure in that the reaction time was decreased from 60 minutes.
• Melissa Novy 20:19, 21 September 2012 (EDT):

Bovine Serum Albumin

Interaction with other nobel metals

[http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0927776509004792/1-s2.0-S0927776509004792-main.pdf?_tid=c0731a32-0519-11e2-a341-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1348362073_915b73dd95a60d862a5cd8bdc9e60359%7C Studies on interaction of colloidal Ag nanoparticles with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)]

• Tests the biofunctionalization of silver nano-particles and as a result investigates the interaction between AgNPs and BSA at different concentrations as observed by a UV-Vis.
• Discovered that AgNPs coated in BSA were observed under UV-Vis to be quite different than the uncoated particles. The BSA adsorption on the surface prevented the Ag nanoparticles from aggregating in solutions of pH greater than 5 which may prevent the uptake of the NPs in live cells.
  • • ""Puja Mody 21:08, 22 September 2012 (EDT)""

Lysozyme

Structure, Function (General Info)

• information about lysozyme -- "Lysozyme is a globular protein with a molecular weight of approximately 14.7 kDa. Lysozyme has been used as a model protein for this study, since its biophysical properties are well understood and the specific contribution of the sugar to its stability over a range of solution conditions can easily be compared with that of the native protein. Lysozyme is a widely studied protein due to its rich phase behavior(17, 18) including crystallization,(19) liquid–liquid phase separation,(20-22) and the formation of equilibrium clusters(23-25) and gels.(24) The solution behavior of lysozyme is also well understood in terms of its interaction with salt ions.(26-28)" from James and McManus J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116 (34), pp 10182–10188

Stability

Thermal and Solution Stability of Lysozyme in the Presence of Sucrose, Glucose, and Trehalose

• James and McManus J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116 (34), pp 10182–10188
• xxxx
  • Abigail E. Miller 12:53, 5 September 2012 (EDT):

Surfactant-induced refolding of lysozyme

• A novel technique of unfolding and then refolding lysozyme was investigated and analyzed using spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and activity assay for lysozyme. The lysozyme was first precipitated out of solution by adding a negatively-charged surfactants, then dissolved by adding a positively-charged surfactant. Upon its dissolution, lysozyme was observed to spontaneously refold to its native state.
• The anionic/cationic surfactant pairs studied all produced similar results in that the amount of lysozyme that refolded was observed to be the same in each surfactant pair.
• Melissa Novy 22:15, 24 September 2012 (EDT)

Horseradish Peroxidase

Structure, Function (General Info)

The effect of chemical modification with pyromellitic anhydride on structure, function, and thermal stability of horseradish peroxidase.

• Lysine modification in horseradish peroxidase decreases stability of the protein when the protein is unfolded. Under 60°C, the structure of horseradish peroxidase becomes less compact. This brings insights to performing the reaction between gold nanoparticles with the enzyme under the ideal temperatures.
• Keyun Wang 14:20, 25 September 2012 (EDT):

[Image:A novel approach to construct a horseradish peroxidase-hydrophilic ionic liquids-Au nanoparticles dotted titanate nanotubes biosensor for amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide.pdf| A novel approach to construct a horseradish peroxidase|hydrophilic ionic liquids Au nanoparticles dotted titanate nanotubes biosensor for amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide.]

• Horseperoxidase catalyze the reduction of H2O2. Biosensor was developed to measure the concentration of horseradish peroxidase in aqueous solution as gelation reagent to immobolize nanocomposite onto electrode surface. Furthermore, UV-vis and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of HRP among other enzymes were made. This data could be used for reference during HRP assay tests.
• Keyun Wang 15:27, 25 September 2012 (EDT):

Activity Assays

Low concentration of silver nanoparticles not only enhances the activity of horseradish peroxidase but alter the structure also

• Ranges for silver nanoparticles were determined for HRP activity. The results could be used to predict the range of gold nanoparticles through the use of horseradish peroxidase.
• Low concentration of silver and gold nanoparticles increases the activity of horseradish peroxidase and also altering the structure of silver or gold nanoparticles.
• Keyun Wang 14:12, 25 September 2012 (EDT):

Luminol-based enhanced chemiluminescence assay for quantification of peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions: Effect of reagent pH and ionic strength

• The horseradish peroxidase assay using luminol and enhanced by p-iodophenol was optimized for determining the presence and concentration of H₂O₂ in solution. The intensity of the chemiluminescence was found to be optimal at pH 8.5. The study outlines a protocol that is less vague than others and also includes calibration curves.
• Melissa Novy 15:18, 25 September 2012 (EDT)

Protein/Peptide Nanoparticle Synthesis

Bovine Serum Albumin

Investigation and modeling effective parameters influencing the size of BSA protein nanoparticles as colloidal carrier

• Mathematical models were used to determine the effects of reaction conditions, including pH, concentration, temperature, and solvent addition rate, on the formation of BSA nanoparticles. The BSA NPs were synthesized by coacervation, then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The study indicated that glutaraldehyde did not have an effect on the size of the NPs, stabilized the BSA NPs, and decreased swelling in water.
• Melissa Novy 13:57, 25 September 2012 (EDT)

Highly stable, protein capped gold nanoparticles as effective drug delivery vehicles for amino-glycosidic antibiotics

• Contains UV-vis absorption spectra of Au/BSA loaded with various antibotics.
• AuNPs produced in this paper were stable against pH changes and high salt concentrations and had good antibacterial activity (more than pure antibiotics).

--Dhea Patel 15:39, 25 September 2012 (EDT)

Other

Chitosan Reduced Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Carriers for Transmucosal Delivery of Insulin

• Uses Biodegradable polymer, chitosan
  • requires high concentrations of chitosan
  • long term NP stability (~6 months)
• Effective for Insulin Delivery

--Dhea Patel 22:00, 24 September 2012 (EDT)
Formation of silk fibroin nanoparticles in water-miscible organic solvent and their characterization

• Silk fibroin nanoparticles were synthesized by first dissolving silk fibers in CaCl₂, then adding water-miscible organic solvents. Analysis of the NPs indicated that they were insoluble in water and that their morphology depended on the types of organic solvents used. The study indicated that acetone produced NPs with the most globular shape.
• Melissa Novy 14:08, 25 September 2012 (EDT)

Other Syntheses of Gold Nanoparticles

Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles Using Tea: A Green Chemistry Experiment

• R. K. Sharma, Shikha Gulati, and Shilpa Mehta, Journal of Chemical Education Article ASAP
• how to synthesis AuNPs using biomaterials that are not mammalian proteins
  • Abigail E. Miller 21:11, 28 August 2012 (EDT):

New, fast and green procedure for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles based on sonocatalysis

• AuNPs are synthesized using sonic vibration, with sodium citrate dihydrate as a stabilizing and reducing agent. Compared to previous protocols, this method takes an extremely short amount of time to prepare AuNPs and does not require the solutions to be heated.
• Melissa Novy 14:07, 5 September 2012 (EDT)

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with Zingiber officinale extract: Characterization and blood compatibility

• Extract from Zingiber officinale, a type of ginger, is used as a stabilizing and reducing agent to synthesize AuNPs. According to the literature, ginger extract is more efficient than aspirin in decreasing blood platelet aggregation, so this method of AuNP synthesis is promising for use in medical treatments.
• Melissa Novy 14:15, 5 September 2012 (EDT)

Biological synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using apiin as reducing agent

• Apiin, a compound found in parsley, celery, and henna, is used as a stabilizing and reducing agent to synthesize AuNPs. The interaction between apiin and AuNPs was analyzed using FT-IR.
• Melissa Novy 14:19, 5 September 2012 (EDT)

Amino Acids Binding to AuNPs

• AuNP capped with citrate anions
• Discusses which amino acids interact with AuNPs and which have poor interactions with AuNPs.

--Dhea Patel 21:54, 24 September 2012 (EDT)
An Effective Strategy for the Synthesis of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles Using Cinnamon Phytochemicals for Phantom CT Imaging and Photoacoustic Detection of Cancerous Cells

• Explored the possibility of coating Gold nano-particles in cinnamon to aid in cancer detection procedures. The alcoholic components of cinnamon reduce NaAuCl₄ to produce gold- nanoparticles. the Cin-AuNPs are biocompatible and can serve as excellent CT/ photoacoustic contrast-enhancement agents to detect tumors.
  • ""Puja Mody 20:48, 22 September 2012 (EDT)""

Non-cross-linking gold nanoparticle aggregation as a detection method for single-base substitutions

• DNA-modified gold nanoparticles were used to detect single-base subsitutions in DNA by colorimetry/spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were stabilized with single-stranded DNA molecules. AuNPs aggregate by crosslinking with DNA molecules but also without crosslinking (NCL). The NCL aggregations were able to detect single-base mutations at very low concentrations.
• Melissa Novy 15:32, 25 September 2012 (EDT)

Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles

Determination of Size and Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles from UV−Vis Spectra

• W. Haiss, N. T. K. Thanh, J. Aveyard and D. G. Fernig Analytical Chemistry 2007 79 (11), 4215-4221
• demonstrates how to calculate the size and concentration of the AuNPs from the position of the gold nanoparticle plasmon absorbance peak around 550 nm.
  • Abigail E. Miller 13:54, 4 September 2012 (EDT):

Determination of the Concentration and the Average Number of Gold Atoms in a Gold Nanoparticle by Osmotic Pressure

• Y. Lu, L. Wang, D. Chen, and G. Wang Langmuir 2012 28 (25), 9282-9287
• xx
  • Abigail E. Miller 13:55, 5 September 2012 (EDT):

Fluorescence Dynamics in BSA-Protected Au25 Nanoclusters

• Xiaoming Wen, Pyng Yu, Yon-Rui Toh, An-Chia Hsu, Yu-Chieh Lee, and Jau Tang The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012 116 (35), 19032-19038
• fast energy transfer between the singlet and triplet states of a gold cluster.....
  • Abigail E. Miller 15:20, 11 September 2012 (EDT):

[http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0021979712006480/1-s2.0-S0021979712006480-main.pdf?_tid=b569df84-051b-11e2-ae62-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1348362914_63c7484b0014b928f582a79a1e760458%7C Preparation of controlled gold nanoparticle aggregates using a dendronization strategy]

• Julieta I. Paez, Eduardo A. Coronado,Miriam C. Strumia
• A Dendronization strategy was used to control the interparticle spacing and optical properties of gold nanoparticle aggregates in aqueous solution. Tests how disulfide concentration, temperature, time and nature of the ligand (dendritic vs nondendritic), determine the control exerted over the size and stability of the NP aggregates.
  • ""Puja Mody 20:48, 22 September 2012 (EDT)""

Photoluminescence from water-soluble BSA-protected gold nanoparticles

• Li Liu, Hu-Zhi Zheng, , Zhu-Jun Zhang, Yu-Ming Huang, Su-Ming Chen, Yu-Fei Hu
• Observed the photoluminescence of water-soluble gold nano-particles which were wrapped in BSA protective layer. Alternative to organic fluorophores or semiconductor nanoparticles for biological labeling and imaging.
• The size effects and contributions from surface characteristics of small nano particles.
  • ""Puja Mody 20:48, 22 September 2012 (EDT)""

Protein Aggregation (of Proteins with Nanoparticles)

Buffer and Ionic Strength Effects

The effect of pH on amino acids binding to gold nanoparticles

• Na₃AU(SO₃)₂ was reduced with sodium citrate.
• pH affects the relationship between amino acids and AuNPs.
• low pH of amino acid solution is a good condidtion for negatively charged AuNP because the COO- and NH₂ groups become protonated and the AuNP can then bind to these functional groups.

--Dhea Patel 18:09, 24 September 2012 (EDT)

Aggregation Stability

Gold nanoparticles can induce the formation of protein-based aggregates at physiological pH

• The study discovered that gold nanoparticles cause BSA proteins to become partially unfolded at the nanoparticle-protein interface. Aggregation of proteins is catalyzed by these misfolded BSA proteins.
• Melissa Novy 14:28, 25 September 2012 (EDT)