BME100 f2013:W1200 Group2 L4

BME 100 Fall 2013	Home People Lab Write-Up 1 | Lab Write-Up 2 | Lab Write-Up 3 Lab Write-Up 4 | Lab Write-Up 5 | Lab Write-Up 6 Course Logistics For Instructors Photos Wiki Editing Help
OUR TEAM Name: Amber Bengson Role: Open PCR Machine Testing Name: Chandler Varone Role: Open PCR Machine Testing Name: Prycilla Jones Role: Protocol Planning Name: Emily Mei Role: Protocol Planning Name: Terri Bivins Role: Research and Development LAB 1 WRITE-UP The Original Design The images above are of an OpenPCR machine. This is a user assembled PCR machine, which performs a certain number of temperature-regulated cycles of polymerase chain reactions that the user adjusts using a software downloaded from the user's manual. The temperature that is desired by the user can be adjusted for each cycle. You connect the OpenPCR machine to a computer and use the software to complete the cycles. By adjusting the temperatures, it allows certain enzymes to activate and primers to attach, carrying out the steps of PCR: denaturation, annealing, and extension. Experimenting With the Connections Part 3) When we unplugged the wires of the screen from the primary circuit board, the machine's screen went blank. Part 6) When we unplugged the white wire, that comes from the thermometer, from the primary circuit board, the machine read -40 degrees Celsius. When the wire was plugged in, it also read -40 degrees Celsius Test Run When we started the PCR machine, it was 12:53PM on Wednesday, October 23rd. It remained on the first cycle until 1:31 PM at which time the instructor advised us to unplug the machine because it was not working efficiently. This was the first time we had worked with this type of PCR machine, and it was an ineffective trial. We would have hoped that the machine would have been able to complete its cycles in a much faster time. Protocols Thermal Cycler Program DNA Sample Set-up Positive control: cancer DNA template Tube Label: cancer ID Patient 1: 43849 Replicate 1 Tube Label: 1X ID Patient 1: 43849 Replicate 2 Tube Label: 1Y ID Patient 1: 43849 Replicate 3 Tube Label: 1Z Negative control: cancer DNA template Tube Label: not cancer ID Patient 2: 80853 Replicate 1 Tube Label: 2X ID Patient 2: 80853 Replicate 2 Tube Label: 2Y ID Patient 2: 80853 Replicate 3 Tube Label: 2Z DNA Sample Set-up Procedure Materials: -PCR Reaction mix: 8 tubes, 50 μL each -DNA/primer mix: 8 tubes, 50 μL each -Disposable pipettes -Patient’s samples (patient 1: 43849, patient 2: 80853) Procedure: Step 1: Determine positive and negative control. The negative control will not have the cancer marker. The positive control has cancer marker. Step 2: Label Tubes. Positive control: cancer Negative control: Not cancer Patient 1 43849 Patient 2 80853 1A 2A 1B 2B 1C 2C Step 3: Add DNA/primer mix to positive control. Step 4: Add PCR reaction mix to positive control. Step 5: Place sample in Open PCR(thermo cycler) Step 6: While in the Open PCR the sample will be heated up to 95℃ the DNA chain separates into two strands. The temperature then decreases to 50℃ and the primers attach to the separate strands at the target sequence. The polymerase attaches to the primer and begins to replicate the strand. Step 7: Repeat steps 3-5 for the remaining tubes. Step 8: Compare Patient 1 DNA replicates to those of the positive and negative controls. step 9: Compare Patient 2 DNA replicates to those of the positive and negative controls. PCR Reaction Mix -Taq DNA Polmerase -MgCl2 -dNTP's DNA/ primer mix The primer is made up of nucleic acids that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. Research and Development PCR - The Underlying Technology PCR Reaction Components The components of the PCR Reaction include the template DNA, primers, Taq Polymerase, Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), and Deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP's). Each component or reagent is added to the PCR tube before running them through the PCR device and software called "Open PCR". The template DNA is the source of genetic information in which the enzyme taq polymerase copies the target sequence from. The Taq Polymerase is an enzyme that can withstand high temperatures, making it a thermostable enzyme that is ideal for use in the PCR reaction process. It reads the genetic information from the DNA template, proofreads, copies, and synthesizes new nucleotides to form a new strand that will pair with the 'parent' strand. Primers are pieces or fragments of DNA that attach to the a single-strand of DNA. There are two primers, the 3' primer and the 5' primer which both separately attach to an opposite end of a single strand. Without the primers, the Taq Polymerase cannot start adding nucleotides to the existing strand. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) acts as the buffer of the reaction and also as a co-factor to the enzyme Taq Polymerase. Finally, the deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP's) are the building blocks of new strand of DNA. They are nucleotides in which the Taq Polymerase synthesizes new nucleotides to base pair with the existing ones of the parent strand. Thermal Cycling Thermal cycling is the process of cycling a PCR tube alternatively in cold or hot temperatures in a matter of different specific times. Thermal cycling is of six steps in which includes the initial step, denature, anneal, extend, the final step, and the final hold. In the initial step, the PCR reaction is first exposed to a high temperature of 95 degrees celsius for 3 minutes. Taq polymerase is activated and begins to read the genetic data from DNA, proofreads, and copies the data or target sequence which it will eventually generate. In the second step denature, due to the fact that DNA is composed mostly of proteins, in high heat of 95 degrees Celsius for 30 seconds, proteins denature and start losing their tertiary structure which is the two-stranded structure. The two-stranded structure begins to uncoil and separates into two single-stranded structures of DNA. The next step called annealing is the process in which the contents of the PCR tube are exposed to a temperature of 57 degree Celsius for 30 seconds. During this process, and with the single strands, primers begin to attach opposite ends of a strand. The 3' primer attaches to the end of strand that contains the hydroxide group, while the 5' primer attaches to the end with the phosphate group. In the fourth step called extend, the process lasts for 30 seconds and exposed to 72 degrees Celsius. The Taq Polymerase is again activated and searches for primers that are attached to existing strands of nucleotides. Once it finds the primers, it will attach new units of nucleotides to the 3' end of the parent strand. Polymerase will not add new nucleotides to the 5' end primer and so the new growing strand will extend from one direction only. A new complimentary strand to the parent strand is now formed at the end of this process. The final step is a process wherein the PCR reaction is exposed to temperature of 72 degree celsius for 3 minutes, wherein during this time Taq Polymerase proofreads again, checks, and makes sure no mutation were formed and that each new nucleotide is bind correctly to the strand, and each new strand is fully extended. Lastly, the final hold is at 4 degree Celsius for an unknown or indefinite time, wherein no more reaction or activity of Taq Polymerase is made, this signifies the end of a reaction or cycle. Base Pairings During annealing wherein Taq Polymerase synthesizes new nucleotides and attaches it to a growing strand, base pairings are made in such that an existing nucleotide is paired off with the new nucleotide. The nucleotide Adenine (A) is always paired with Thymine (T), the nucleotide Thymine (T)is always partnered with Adenine (A), Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C), and Cytosine (C) always with Guanine (G).