BME103:T930 Group 16: Difference between revisions
Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
[[Image:pcrsteps.jpg]]<br> | [[Image:pcrsteps.jpg]]<br> | ||
This photo also illustrates how Taq might be useful. In step 1 DNA is breaking apart and forming, step 2 DNA is completely melted. Step 3 extension is were Taq would come in and complete the following DNA sequence with the floating dNTP’s. | |||
[[Image:threestep.jpg]]<br> | [[Image:threestep.jpg]]<br> | ||
The denature stage is illustrating DNA breaking apart, the anneal shows the dNTP’s forming with the DNA sequence, and the extend shows Taq filling in the space in between, using the floating dNTP’s. | |||
<br><br> | <br><br> |
Revision as of 10:27, 15 November 2012
BME 103 Fall 2012 | Home People Lab Write-Up 1 Lab Write-Up 2 Lab Write-Up 3 Course Logistics For Instructors Photos Wiki Editing Help | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group 16LAB 1 WRITE-UPInitial Machine TestingThe Original Design Experimenting With the Connections When the heat sink is unplugged from the circuit board, the LCD screen is turned off. When we unplugged the white wire that connected the circuit board to the heating block the temperature reading on the LCD screen dropped drastically. Test Run We first tested open PCR on machine 8 on October 18, 2012. We learned how to take accurate temperatures using the open PCR machine. Along with seeing how disconnecting some parts from the system would affect the PCR machine. By using open PCR we were able to make a polymerase chain reaction. In order for this to occur, open PCR had to send the DNA through different sets of temperatures to heat it up, causing the strands seperate and expose the bases. Then it cooled down the primers and combined it to the sequences. Then it was heated back up to attain an extension of the copy of the new DNA. Which was conducted in an hour and thirty minutes. The sample DNA was then used to test which patients had cancer.
ProtocolsPolymerase Chain Reaction Sample Procedures To use the PCR machine we first obtained two patient DNA samples. Then we labeled eight test tubes with the patient number (three test tubes were labeled with patient one and the three others were labeled for patient two's DNA) and the last two were labeled as our positive or negative control. Once the tubes were labeled, we transferred the DNA using pipettes into the corresponding tube that contained the solution which would allow the DNA to be copied. This solution was a mixture of Taq DNA polymerase, MgCl2, dNTP's, forward primer and reverse primer. The Taq DNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps catalyze the matching of the dNTP's (or floating nucleotides) to make copies of the original DNA strand; the MgCl2 helps the Taq be more efficient. After the samples and controls were prepared, we placed the tubes in the open PCR machine and set the correct cycles and temperatures for the DNA to copied. This process took about an hour and a half to complete. Our samples were then collected and incubated until we received them again about two weeks later. Components of Master Mix
Fluorimeter Procedures Next we began analyzing the samples by creating another solution that would allow positive samples for cancer to glow. ImageJ Procedures 1. A picture of the fluorimeter assembly was taken with a smartphone
Patient 1 ID Number: 92136
Patient 2 ID Number: 62276
Fluorimeter Measurements
Research and DevelopmentSpecific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology A Polymerase chain reaction is a machine that amplifies a single or a few strands of DNA to generate millions of copies of that DNA sequence. Using this technology scientists can determine whether a patient has a positive or negative result towards cancer. A method of getting this data is called the PCR detection method, that relies on thermal cycling, switching back and forth to melt DNA and then connect primers. The PCR is used to detect whether a patient has positive result for cancer, because a sample of DNA can be taken and whether that connects to the primers and creates a chain reaction, scientists can then determine whether this DNA is positive or negative towards cancer. An example of proving this method can be seen using the r17879961 SNP, a cancer-associated sequence, using the PCR detection method we can prove that r17879961 SNP is actually associated with cancer. Because it carries with the Polymerase chain reaction, and to further prove the patient has a positive result for sample, we used fluorescent dye and if the DNA glowed in the solution, then the results were positive for cancer. Thermal cycling takes place in three distinct steps based on temperature. At 95° Celsius, the DNA unzips and melts into two one-stranded strips. Several primers are then added to the solution At 57°Celsius, the primers are joined to the complementing template sequence to then form one forward primer and one reverse primer. At 72° Celsius, the Taq Polymerase enzyme finishes the replication process through the assistance of the dNTP's and MgCl2 The r17879961 sequence has a possible nucleotide alteration that is cancer associated. When there is a replacement of a T nucleotide with a C nucleotide, a higher risk of cancer is known to occur. This variance is found on the bottom strand of DNA and so the bottom strand is considered the template DNA. For this specific cancer-associated sequence, the bottom primer is AACTCTTACACTGCATACAT and the top primer is TAGTGACAGTGCAATTTCAG]. These primers will attach to the other half of the DNA when there is a matching genetic code. Bayes Rule of Probability can be used to achieve total accuracy of the DNA amplification. Bayes Rule can be used to explain the probability of getting a false positive as well as a real positive, as well as seeing the probability of receiving a false negative/positive. This would give an extremely useful statistic as to how reliable the procedure is to detect the presence of cancer genes. Based on conditional probabilities from a tested sample of 180 people from Finland, it was found that the frequency of the appearance of this cancerous gene was 7.8 %. Approximately 1.1% of people have this C/T variation sequence, hence, T/T was found to be 98.9%.
Results
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||