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<h1 class="title"><a name="background">&nbsp;Motivation</a></h1>
<h1 class="title"><a name="background">&nbsp;Motivation</a></h1>
<br>
<br>
In order to overcome the pre-stated problems, we want to build more artificial immune system that is less fragile, more general, (and function independently with the patient's natural immune system)(上の3.の問題がなかったら消す).
<font style="font-size:24px;">"Let’s design a self moving vessel!"</font>
<br>We proposal our artificial liposomal immune system (ALIS)
<p class="paragraph">In order to overcome the pre-stated problem, we decided to build a vessel which moves by not only diffusion but also its internal force; like a ship swims around in the sea by its motor.</p>
                robotic immune cell (RICe) to satisfy the following components in order to mimic the mammalian immune system:
 
<br>1. It can be activated by outside stimulus such as ultrasound. In our in vitro(italic) experiment, we use thrombin as an external signal.
<font style="font-size:24px;">"But how can we move a vessel?"</font>
<br>2. Once activated, it starts patrolling the blood vessels to find cancer markers.  
<p class="paragraph">Facing this difficult problem, we believed we can get an idea from an actual cell in a human body. A dendritic cell, an antigen-presenting cell of the mammalian immune system, moves in a body by migration. The cell has spines which are small actin-rich protrusions; by remodeling (polymerizing and depolymerizing) actin filaments inside, it can change shape and migrate.</p>
<br>3. As it senses cancer, it releases anti-cancer drug such as taxol.
<p class="paragraph">So that is it! We planned to develop an actin-like monomer (named “Motor-Monomer”) that polymerizes on one end and depolymerizes on the other end to allow mobilization, just as actin filaments in dendritic cells do. We put the Motor-Monomers into a liposome which the Receptor was connected. This Receptor recognizes the outside signal and emits the Polymerization Initiator so that the Motor-Monomers grow to be the Motor-Polymer and a liposome starts patrolling in a body.</p>
<br>
<p class="paragraph">As we modeled this polymerizing-in-a-liposome system on a dendritic immune cell, we named it "Polymeric and Liposomal Immune Cell (PoLICe)."</p>
<br>We decide to fucus on #1 and #2 as our study this summer.
 
<br>We plan to achieve #1 by developing a receptor that recognize the outside signal.
<br>We plan to achieve #2 by developing an actin-like monomer that polymerizes in one end and depolymerizes on the other end to allow mobilization.
<br>Both the receptor and the actin-like monomer will be designed using DNA origami.
<br>
<br>
* What is good about RICe?
<br>白い、美味い、低カロリー
<br>(表：既存テーマ比べて今テーマの秀でている点)
<br>
* Why using DNA origami?
<br>
DNA origami is the folding of DNA to build customized nano-scale shapes or structures.
<br>Using DNA origami, it becomes easy to control the size and structure of the actin-like monomer. This gives advantages such as:
<br>1. The large monomer size can reduce the number of the monomers used to have effective mobility.
<br>2. Precise construction of the monomer shape can allow the accurate simulation of the RICe movements.
<br>As for the signal receptor, the control of the controllability of the DNA origami may allow the following advantages:
<br>1. Not only the pure mimic of the currently known membrane protein structures, but also the new structures that can sense the new signals not sensed by the natural membrane proteins.
<br>2.It can build a mechanism to release the patrolling signal.
<br>3.(根拠は？)It may have lower background noise by controlling the precise structures of on- and off- states.
<br>4.(金属？金属イオン？金属イオンの場合はzinc fingerなどあるが、膜たんぱく質に組みこめなくてDNA origamiに組み込める根拠があると参考文献として掲載したい。イミフなので翻訳したくないぶー。)
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<a name="Goals"><h1 class="title"><a name="Goals">&nbsp;Goals</a></h1>
<a name="Goals"><h1 class="title"><a name="Goals">&nbsp;Project Goals</a></h1>
<center>
<p>The goal we decided to achieve during the summer is to
<img src="http://openwetware.org/images/e/e0/Goal.png" width="800px">
 
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<body> <a name="1"></a> <font face="Futura,Arial,Frutiger" font size="24px">PROJECT</font> <br> <br> Artificial immune system for cancer cells <br> <h1 class="title"><a name="background">&nbsp;Background</a></h1> Immunotherapies against cancer attracts attentions as an effective way to kill tumors. In 2011, Ralph Steinman received Novel prize for his discovery of dendritic cells and its role in adaptive immunity which can be used for the cancer immunotherapy. <br> <br> <font size="14pt"> What is cancer immunotherapy?</font> <br> Cancer immunotherapy induces the immune system to reject and destroy tumors. <br>表：Merits Problems <br>(Merits) <br>(Problems)Induced immune cells that are cultured in vitro(italic) cannot reproduce in patients' bodies and have very short life length.(具体的な時間を教えてください) <br> Culturing immune cells in vitro(italic) takes time.(具体的な時間を教えてください) <br> (Concerns about effects on a patient's natural immune system.(実際に問題としてあるか調べる)) <br>The first problem of a irreproducibility can be solves using stem cells such as iPS cells (induced pluripotency stem cells) by stimulating the differentiation to the specific T lymphocytes. However, establishment of the stem cells and differentiation to T-cells in vitro(italic) are troublesome and time-costly as the treatment is patient-specific and the differentiated T-cells are fragile. <br> <h1 class="title"><a name="background">&nbsp;Motivation</a></h1> <br> <font style="font-size:24px;">"Let’s design a self moving vessel!"</font> <p class="paragraph">In order to overcome the pre-stated problem, we decided to build a vessel which moves by not only diffusion but also its internal force; like a ship swims around in the sea by its motor.</p>

<font style="font-size:24px;">"But how can we move a vessel?"</font> <p class="paragraph">Facing this difficult problem, we believed we can get an idea from an actual cell in a human body. A dendritic cell, an antigen-presenting cell of the mammalian immune system, moves in a body by migration. The cell has spines which are small actin-rich protrusions; by remodeling (polymerizing and depolymerizing) actin filaments inside, it can change shape and migrate.</p> <p class="paragraph">So that is it! We planned to develop an actin-like monomer (named “Motor-Monomer”) that polymerizes on one end and depolymerizes on the other end to allow mobilization, just as actin filaments in dendritic cells do. We put the Motor-Monomers into a liposome which the Receptor was connected. This Receptor recognizes the outside signal and emits the Polymerization Initiator so that the Motor-Monomers grow to be the Motor-Polymer and a liposome starts patrolling in a body.</p> <p class="paragraph">As we modeled this polymerizing-in-a-liposome system on a dendritic immune cell, we named it "Polymeric and Liposomal Immune Cell (PoLICe)."</p>

<br> <br> <a name="2"></a> <br> <br> <br> <a name="Goals"><h1 class="title"><a name="Goals">&nbsp;Project Goals</a></h1> <p>The goal we decided to achieve during the summer is to

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