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  	            <li><a href='http://openwetware.org/wiki/Biomod/2014/wiki-2%27.html#motivation'><span>Background</span></a></li>
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Background

ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT A revolution in cancer therapy has taken place by the emerging use of laser light to achieve controlled and confined

thermal damage in the tumor tissue. Laser, the acronym for light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation,

is an optical source that emits photons in a coherent and narrow beam. Laser light has the characteristics of

monochromaticity, coherence, and collimation. These properties provide a narrow beam of high intensity, which transmits

deep down into the target

location with minimal power loss and great precision.

In recent years, the near infrared (NIR) laser (in the region of 650-1100 nm) mediated photothermal therapy has

attracted increased attentions. NIR laser irradiation can induce hyperthermia damage of cancer cells and tumor organ

with deep tissue penetration but minimal skin absorbance. NIR is selected in our project due to its low expenditure,

abundant source as well as excellent controllability. Additionally, we choose NIR laser as the photothermal trigger also

because its irradiation possesses minimal invasiveness and precise spatial-temporal selectivity since its therapeutic

effect happens only at the specific site where both light-absorbent and localized photo-irradiation coexist.


PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES (GNPs)

Nanomedicine is currently an active field because new properties emerge when the size of a matter is reduced from bulk

to the nanometer scale. These new properties, including optical, magnetic, electronic, and structural properties, make

nano-sized particles (generally 1–100 nm) very promising for a wide range of biomedical applications such as targeted

therapy. Plasmonic (noble metal) nanoparticles distinguish themselves from other nanoplatforms by their unique surface

plasmon resonance (SPR). A special property of these plasmonic nanoparticles is their heat generation resulting from

optical stimulation.

Among plasmonic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are most extensively investigated because of their inertness,

low cytotoxicity, ready multi-functionalization and long history of medical use. GNPs are also attractive due to their

facile synthesis, excellent biocompatibility as well as strongly enhanced and tunable optical properties to convert NIR

light into local heat. Gold nanoparticles exhibit NIR activated photothermal activity due to their geometry dependent

SPR. This SPR, resulting from

photon confinement to a small particle size, enhances all the radiative and nonradiative properties of GNPs. Hence GNPs

have immense potential for the selective laser photothermal therapy of cancer due to their ability to efficiently

convert surface plasmon resonance-enhanced absorbed light into localized heat and thus offering multiple modalities for

biological and medical applications.


DNA ORIGAMI

Nucleic acids have been used as building blocks for the bottom-up assembly of intricate suprastructures due to their

inherent chemical and biological addressability,

structural precision, and efficiency of synthesis. As a novel self-assembly method developed in recent years, DNA

origami is one of the greatest progress in the field of DNA nanotechnology and DNA self-assembly. In this method, a long

scaffold strand (single-stranded DNA from the M13 phage genome, ~7,429 nucleotides long) was folded with the help of

hundreds of short ‘staple’ strands into defined two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) shapes. Moreover, the

nanostructures by DNA origami are predictable, precise, controllable and efficient. The merits also include relatively

low requirements for the experimental conditions and operation skills.

A variety of functional biomolecules andnanoparticles can be assembled onto the DNA origami nanoscaffolds, to obtain

complicate nanodevices with special functions which can be used to facilitate imaging, targeted delivery, and controlled

release of therapeutic compounds. As described, DNA origami possess the capability of transporting molecular payloads to

cells, sensing cell surface inputs for conditional, triggered activation, and reconfiguring its structure for payload

delivery. DNA origami structures can also be used as molecular pegboards with a resolution of 4–6 nm, and they been

widely used in the assembly of heteroelements such as proteins and nanoparticles. Therefore, DNA origami has shown great

potential in nanotechnology.





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