CH391L/S12/Locomotion: Difference between revisions
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===Flagella=== | ===Flagella=== | ||
[[Image:Nrmicro1900-f1.jpg | thumb | 100px| Jarrell and McBride 2008 ]] | [[Image:Nrmicro1900-f1.jpg | thumb | 100px| Jarrell and McBride 2008<cite>Jarrell2008</cite> ]] | ||
The bacterial flagellum is the most common and thoroughly studied prokaryotic motility structure. It resembles a spinning propeller-like structure that is used for swimming in aqueous environments and in some organisms enables swarming across solid surfaces. The flagellum is a very complex organelle consisting of over 20 proteins (''flg'', ''flh'', ''fli'', ''flj'' variants) and as many as 30 proteins assisting in regulation and assembly. Each ''Escherichia coli or Salmonella'' cell typically has 6-8 structures. The export system for assembly of the structure represents a classical Type III secretion system (T3SS). The main structure consists of 3 main substructures: the basal body, which anchors the structure in the cell membrane and contains the motor; the filament which acts as the propeller; and the hook, a joint which connects the basal body and filament. Rotation of the filament to generate movement is driven by the proton motive force, whereby H<sup>+</sup> atoms crossing the cell membrane interact with the motor proteins (''MotA'', ''MotB''), inducing a conformational change that turns the rotor. This rotation can reach speeds of 18,000rpm and propel the cell 25-35uM per second. | The bacterial flagellum is the most common and thoroughly studied prokaryotic motility structure. It resembles a spinning propeller-like structure that is used for swimming in aqueous environments and in some organisms enables swarming across solid surfaces. The flagellum is a very complex organelle consisting of over 20 proteins (''flg'', ''flh'', ''fli'', ''flj'' variants) and as many as 30 proteins assisting in regulation and assembly. Each ''Escherichia coli or Salmonella'' cell typically has 6-8 structures. The export system for assembly of the structure represents a classical Type III secretion system (T3SS). The main structure consists of 3 main substructures: the basal body, which anchors the structure in the cell membrane and contains the motor; the filament which acts as the propeller; and the hook, a joint which connects the basal body and filament. Rotation of the filament to generate movement is driven by the proton motive force, whereby H<sup>+</sup> atoms crossing the cell membrane interact with the motor proteins (''MotA'', ''MotB''), inducing a conformational change that turns the rotor. This rotation can reach speeds of 18,000rpm and propel the cell 25-35uM per second. | ||
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===Gas Vesicles=== | ===Gas Vesicles=== | ||
[[Image:Serratia gas vesicles.jpg |right| thumb | 100px | Ramsey [[PNAS]] 2011 ]] | [[Image:Serratia gas vesicles.jpg |right| thumb | 100px | Ramsey [[PNAS]] 2011<cite>Ramsey2011</cite> ]] | ||
Some aquatic bacteria use hollow gas-filled vesicles to provide buoyancy and enable them regulate their position in the water column. Prototrophic bacteria may use the vesicles to find regions with appropriate light intensity<cite>Damerval1991</cite>, similarly aearobic bacteria may use them to float to oxygenated surface waters<cite>Beard2002</cite> . Gas vesicles are commonly observed and studied in aquatic cyanobacteria, but have recently been discovered in ''Serratia sp.'', an enterobacterium <cite>Ramsey2011</cite>. Typically 10-14 ''gvp'' genes are involved in vesicle formation. It has been shown that gas vesicles from ''Anabaena'' are permeable to H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, 0<sub>2</sub>, C0<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and Ar <cite>Walsby1971</cite>. | Some aquatic bacteria use hollow gas-filled vesicles to provide buoyancy and enable them regulate their position in the water column. Prototrophic bacteria may use the vesicles to find regions with appropriate light intensity<cite>Damerval1991</cite>, similarly aearobic bacteria may use them to float to oxygenated surface waters<cite>Beard2002</cite> . Gas vesicles are commonly observed and studied in aquatic cyanobacteria, but have recently been discovered in ''Serratia sp.'', an enterobacterium <cite>Ramsey2011</cite>. Typically 10-14 ''gvp'' genes are involved in vesicle formation. It has been shown that gas vesicles from ''Anabaena'' are permeable to H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, 0<sub>2</sub>, C0<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and Ar <cite>Walsby1971</cite>. | ||
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===Gliding Motility=== | ===Gliding Motility=== | ||
[[Image:gliding.jpg |left| thumb | 100px | Zusman 2011]] | [[Image:gliding.jpg |left| thumb | 100px | Zusman 2011<cite>Zussman2011</cite>]] | ||
[[Image:slime.jpg |left| thumb | 100px | Zusman 2011]] | [[Image:slime.jpg |left| thumb | 100px | Zusman 2011<cite>Zussman2011</cite>]] | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<biblio> | <biblio> | ||
#Jarrell2008 pmid=18461074 | |||
#Ramsey2011 pmid=21873216 | #Ramsey2011 pmid=21873216 | ||
#Walsby1971 pmid=4337701 | #Walsby1971 pmid=4337701 | ||
Revision as of 15:12, 25 March 2012
Locomotion
Flagella
The bacterial flagellum is the most common and thoroughly studied prokaryotic motility structure. It resembles a spinning propeller-like structure that is used for swimming in aqueous environments and in some organisms enables swarming across solid surfaces. The flagellum is a very complex organelle consisting of over 20 proteins (flg, flh, fli, flj variants) and as many as 30 proteins assisting in regulation and assembly. Each Escherichia coli or Salmonella cell typically has 6-8 structures. The export system for assembly of the structure represents a classical Type III secretion system (T3SS). The main structure consists of 3 main substructures: the basal body, which anchors the structure in the cell membrane and contains the motor; the filament which acts as the propeller; and the hook, a joint which connects the basal body and filament. Rotation of the filament to generate movement is driven by the proton motive force, whereby H+ atoms crossing the cell membrane interact with the motor proteins (MotA, MotB), inducing a conformational change that turns the rotor. This rotation can reach speeds of 18,000rpm and propel the cell 25-35uM per second.
Chemotaxis
The rotation of the flagellum and the direction of movement is often regulated by sensory stimuli, allowing the cell to migrate towards attractive signals. In E.coli this is achieved through a signal transduction system that controls the phosphorylation state of the response regulator protein CheY. In the absence CheY-P the flagellum rotates CWW in a "run" state. The presence of CheY-P, signals induces a switch to CW rotation resulting in "tumbling". When an attractant binds to a receptor it initiates a conformational change and downstream cascade that leads to decreased levels of CheY-P, in response cells tumble less frequently and will move towards the attractant.
Gas Vesicles
Some aquatic bacteria use hollow gas-filled vesicles to provide buoyancy and enable them regulate their position in the water column. Prototrophic bacteria may use the vesicles to find regions with appropriate light intensity[3], similarly aearobic bacteria may use them to float to oxygenated surface waters[4] . Gas vesicles are commonly observed and studied in aquatic cyanobacteria, but have recently been discovered in Serratia sp., an enterobacterium [2]. Typically 10-14 gvp genes are involved in vesicle formation. It has been shown that gas vesicles from Anabaena are permeable to H2, N2, 02, C02, CO, CH4, and Ar [5].
Twitching Motility
Many species of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Myxoccocus xanthus use a Type IV pilus (T4P) system for motility. Cell propulsion by T4P involves pilus extension, attachment, and then pilus retraction. This process results in a jerky pattern of movement which hence the name "Twitching motility". Cells move at rates of 0.05 - 1 uM per second, close proximity to other cells is usually required for efficient movement. The process of pilus extension and retraction involves the ATP-dependent assembly or disassembly of PilA monomers in the pilus fiber.
Gliding Motility
References
<biblio>
- Jarrell2008 pmid=18461074
- Ramsey2011 pmid=21873216
- Walsby1971 pmid=4337701
- Damerval1991 pmid=1904525
- Zussman2011 pmid=21910630
- Beard2002 pmid=12167531
