Drummond:PopGen: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Per-generation and instantaneous growth rates== | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
Let <math>n_i(t)</math> be the number of organisms of type <math>i</math> at time <math>t</math>, and let <math>R</math> be the ''per-capita reproductive rate'' per generation. If <math>t</math> counts generations, then | Let <math>n_i(t)</math> be the number of organisms of type <math>i</math> at time <math>t</math>, and let <math>R</math> be the ''per-capita reproductive rate'' per generation. If <math>t</math> counts generations, then | ||
:<math>n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R</math> | :<math>n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R\!</math> | ||
and | and | ||
:<math>n_i(t) = n_i(0)R^t</math> | :<math>n_i(t) = n_i(0)R^t.\!</math> | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
Now we wish to move to the case where <math>t</math> is continuous and real-valued. | Now we wish to move to the case where <math>t</math> is continuous and real-valued. | ||
As before,<br/> | As before,<br/> | ||
:<math>n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R</math | :<math>n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R\!</math> | ||
but now<br/> | but now<br/> | ||
:<math> | :{| | ||
n_i(t+\Delta t) | |align="right" |<math>n_i(t+\Delta t)\!</math> | ||
n_i(t+\Delta | |<math>=n_i(t)R^{\Delta t}\!</math> | ||
|- | |||
\frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t} | |align="right" |<math>n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)\!</math> | ||
\frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t} | |<math>= n_i(t)R^{\Delta t} - n_i(t)\!</math> | ||
\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[ | |- | ||
\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} | |align="right" |<math>\frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t}</math> | ||
\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} | |<math>=\frac{n_i(t)R^{\Delta t} - n_i(t)}{\Delta t}</math> | ||
|- | |||
where the last simplification follows from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L% | |align="right" |<math>\frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t}</math> | ||
:<math> | |<math>=n_i(t) \frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t}</math> | ||
|- | |||
\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \ | |align="right" |<math>\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t) \over \Delta t}\right]</math> | ||
|<math>=\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[ n_i(t) \frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t}\right]</math> | |||
|- | |||
|align="right" |<math>\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt}</math> | |||
|<math>=n_i(t) \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t}\right]</math> | |||
\ | |- | ||
</math> | |align="right" |<math>\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt}</math> | ||
|<math>=n_i(t) \ln R\!</math> | |||
|} | |||
where the last simplification follows from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital%27s_rule L'Hôpital's rule]. Explicitly, let <math>\epsilon=\Delta t</math>. Then<br/> | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
|<math>\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[{R^{\Delta t} - 1 \over \Delta t}\right]</math> | |||
|<math>= \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\epsilon} - 1}{\epsilon}\right]</math> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|<math>=\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{\frac{d}{d\epsilon}\left(R^{\epsilon} - 1\right)}{\frac{d}{d\epsilon}\epsilon}\right]</math> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|<math>=\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\epsilon}\ln R}{1}\right]</math> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|<math>=\ln R \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[R^{\epsilon}\right]</math> | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|<math>=\ln R\!</math> | |||
|} | |||
</p> | </p> | ||
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:<math>\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} = n_i(t) \ln R</math> | :<math>\frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} = n_i(t) \ln R</math> | ||
is | is | ||
:<math>n_i(t) = n_i(0) e^{t\ln R} = n_i(0) R^{t}</math> | :<math>n_i(t) = n_i(0) e^{t\ln R} = n_i(0) R^{t}.\!</math> | ||
Note that the continuous case and the original discrete-generation case agree for all values of <math>t</math>. We can define the ''instantaneous rate of increase'' <math>r = \ln R</math> for convenience. | Note that the continuous case and the original discrete-generation case agree for all values of <math>t</math>. We can define the ''instantaneous rate of increase'' <math>r = \ln R</math> for convenience. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
Revision as of 23:40, 4 July 2008
Per-generation and instantaneous growth rates
Let [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t) }[/math] be the number of organisms of type [math]\displaystyle{ i }[/math] at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math], and let [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] be the per-capita reproductive rate per generation. If [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] counts generations, then
- [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R\! }[/math]
- [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t) = n_i(0)R^t.\! }[/math]
Now we wish to move to the case where [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] is continuous and real-valued.
As before,
- [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t+1) = n_i(t)R\! }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t+\Delta t)\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =n_i(t)R^{\Delta t}\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ = n_i(t)R^{\Delta t} - n_i(t)\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\frac{n_i(t)R^{\Delta t} - n_i(t)}{\Delta t} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t)}{\Delta t} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =n_i(t) \frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[{n_i(t+\Delta t) - n_i(t) \over \Delta t}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[ n_i(t) \frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =n_i(t) \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\Delta t} - 1}{\Delta t}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =n_i(t) \ln R\! }[/math]
where the last simplification follows from L'Hôpital's rule. Explicitly, let [math]\displaystyle{ \epsilon=\Delta t }[/math]. Then
[math]\displaystyle{ \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} \left[{R^{\Delta t} - 1 \over \Delta t}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ = \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\epsilon} - 1}{\epsilon}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{\frac{d}{d\epsilon}\left(R^{\epsilon} - 1\right)}{\frac{d}{d\epsilon}\epsilon}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[\frac{R^{\epsilon}\ln R}{1}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\ln R \lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \left[R^{\epsilon}\right] }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ =\ln R\! }[/math]
The solution to the equation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d n_i(t)}{dt} = n_i(t) \ln R }[/math]
- [math]\displaystyle{ n_i(t) = n_i(0) e^{t\ln R} = n_i(0) R^{t}.\! }[/math]