IGEM:Caltech/2008/Project/Vitamins: Difference between revisions

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===Background Information on Folate===
===Background Information on Folate===
    
    
Folate, the generic term for the various forms of Vitamin B9, is an essential vitamin because it is heavily involved in amino acid synthesis as well as single-carbon transfer reactions. Folate deficiencies in women can result in birth defects such as neural tube defects and other spinal cord malformations. As important as folate is, humans are unable to produce folate, and so must obtain it from eating foods such as green leafy vegetables or folate-fortified cereals (W. Sybesma 2003). An engineered strain of bacteria that would constantly release folate into the gut would reduce the need to fortify breads and cereals with folate, as well as reduce folate-related birth defects in regions with little access to folate-containing foods. In addition to all the reasons stated above, folate is an ideal vitamin to be produced in the gut because it has been shown to be absorbed in physiologically relevant quantities in the large intestine (Asrar and O’Connor 2005). This is not the case for many vitamins (Asrar and O’Connor 2005).
Folate, the generic term for the various forms of Vitamin B9, is an essential vitamin because it is heavily involved in amino acid synthesis as well as single-carbon transfer reactions. Folate deficiencies in women can result in birth defects such as neural tube defects and other spinal cord malformations. As important as folate is, humans are unable to produce folate, and so must obtain it from eating foods such as green leafy vegetables or folate-fortified cereals <cite>sybesma1</cite>. An engineered strain of bacteria that would constantly release folate into the gut would reduce the need to fortify breads and cereals with folate, as well as reduce folate-related birth defects in regions with little access to folate-containing foods. In addition to all the reasons stated above, folate is an ideal vitamin to be produced in the gut because, unlike many other vitamins, it has been shown to be absorbed in physiologically relevant quantities in the large intestine<cite>asrar</cite>.


===Why Folate?===
===Why Folate?===
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==References==
==References==
<biblio>
<biblio>
 
#bernstein pmid=18396082
<\biblio>
#camilo pmid=8613033
#asrar pmid=16081276
#bermingham pmid=12111724
#gabelli pmid=17698004
#sybesma1 pmid=15113564
#sybesma2 pmid=12788700
#sheng pmid=16885287
#morita pmid=11386882
#yun pmid=18051328
#zhu pmid=16269750
#wegkamp1 pmid=15128580
#wegkamp2 pmid=17308179
</biblio>


|}
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Revision as of 11:25, 7 July 2008

iGEM 2008

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Vitamin production

Background Information on Folate

Folate, the generic term for the various forms of Vitamin B9, is an essential vitamin because it is heavily involved in amino acid synthesis as well as single-carbon transfer reactions. Folate deficiencies in women can result in birth defects such as neural tube defects and other spinal cord malformations. As important as folate is, humans are unable to produce folate, and so must obtain it from eating foods such as green leafy vegetables or folate-fortified cereals [1]. An engineered strain of bacteria that would constantly release folate into the gut would reduce the need to fortify breads and cereals with folate, as well as reduce folate-related birth defects in regions with little access to folate-containing foods. In addition to all the reasons stated above, folate is an ideal vitamin to be produced in the gut because, unlike many other vitamins, it has been shown to be absorbed in physiologically relevant quantities in the large intestine[2].

Why Folate?

Folate Biosynthesis Pathway

System Design

Folate Detection Methods

References

  1. Sybesma W, Burgess C, Starrenburg M, van Sinderen D, and Hugenholtz J. Multivitamin production in Lactococcus lactis using metabolic engineering. Metab Eng. 2004 Apr;6(2):109-15. DOI:10.1016/j.ymben.2003.11.002 | PubMed ID:15113564 | HubMed [sybesma1]
  2. Asrar FM and O'Connor DL. Bacterially synthesized folate and supplemental folic acid are absorbed across the large intestine of piglets. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Oct;16(10):587-93. DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.02.006 | PubMed ID:16081276 | HubMed [asrar]
  3. Bernstein JR, Bulter T, and Liao JC. Transfer of the high-GC cyclohexane carboxylate degradation pathway from Rhodopseudomonas palustris to Escherichia coli for production of biotin. Metab Eng. 2008 May-Jul;10(3-4):131-40. DOI:10.1016/j.ymben.2008.02.001 | PubMed ID:18396082 | HubMed [bernstein]
  4. Camilo E, Zimmerman J, Mason JB, Golner B, Russell R, Selhub J, and Rosenberg IH. Folate synthesized by bacteria in the human upper small intestine is assimilated by the host. Gastroenterology. 1996 Apr;110(4):991-8. DOI:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8613033 | PubMed ID:8613033 | HubMed [camilo]
  5. Bermingham A and Derrick JP. The folic acid biosynthesis pathway in bacteria: evaluation of potential for antibacterial drug discovery. Bioessays. 2002 Jul;24(7):637-48. DOI:10.1002/bies.10114 | PubMed ID:12111724 | HubMed [bermingham]
  6. Gabelli SB, Bianchet MA, Xu W, Dunn CA, Niu ZD, Amzel LM, and Bessman MJ. Structure and function of the E. coli dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphatase: a Nudix enzyme involved in folate biosynthesis. Structure. 2007 Aug;15(8):1014-22. DOI:10.1016/j.str.2007.06.018 | PubMed ID:17698004 | HubMed [gabelli]
  7. Sybesma W, Starrenburg M, Kleerebezem M, Mierau I, de Vos WM, and Hugenholtz J. Increased production of folate by metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jun;69(6):3069-76. DOI:10.1128/AEM.69.6.3069-3076.2003 | PubMed ID:12788700 | HubMed [sybesma2]
  8. Sheng H, Knecht HJ, Kudva IT, and Hovde CJ. Application of bacteriophages to control intestinal Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in ruminants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Aug;72(8):5359-66. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00099-06 | PubMed ID:16885287 | HubMed [sheng]
  9. Morita M, Asami K, Tanji Y, and Unno H. Programmed Escherichia coli cell lysis by expression of cloned T4 phage lysis genes. Biotechnol Prog. 2001 May-Jun;17(3):573-6. DOI:10.1021/bp010018t | PubMed ID:11386882 | HubMed [morita]
  10. Yun J, Park J, Park N, Kang S, and Ryu S. Development of a novel vector system for programmed cell lysis in Escherichia coli. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;17(7):1162-8. PubMed ID:18051328 | HubMed [yun]
  11. Zhu T, Pan Z, Domagalski N, Koepsel R, Ataai MM, and Domach MM. Engineering of Bacillus subtilis for enhanced total synthesis of folic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):7122-9. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.11.7122-7129.2005 | PubMed ID:16269750 | HubMed [zhu]
  12. Wegkamp A, Starrenburg M, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J, and Sybesma W. Transformation of folate-consuming Lactobacillus gasseri into a folate producer. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;70(5):3146-8. DOI:10.1128/AEM.70.5.3146-3148.2004 | PubMed ID:15128580 | HubMed [wegkamp1]
  13. Wegkamp A, van Oorschot W, de Vos WM, and Smid EJ. Characterization of the role of para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis in folate production by Lactococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Apr;73(8):2673-81. DOI:10.1128/AEM.02174-06 | PubMed ID:17308179 | HubMed [wegkamp2]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed
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