IGEM:IMPERIAL/2008/New/Cellulose: Difference between revisions

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{| cellpadding="1" style="background:#2B48B3; border:4px solid #E5EBFF; color:#E5EBFF" align="center" width=90%
|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#E5EBFF>Light Sensing</font>
|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#E5EBFF>Biomaterial</font>
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|style="vertical-align:middle;"|To explore the use of synthetic biology for biomaterial we collaborated with the researcher Suzanne Lee and her biocouture project. Her group has been focused on the use of a particular biomaterial called bacterial cellulose for the production of clothes. Drying the gel like bacterial cellulose produces a material that can be cut and organically patterned to produce a number clothes from jackets to shoes. From discussions with Susan Lee it became apparent that there were a number of potential advantages for taking a synthetic biology approach to produce biomaterials. This page summaries the use of bacterial cellulose and the potential advantages for a synthetic biology approach. <br>
|style="vertical-align:middle;"|To explore the use of synthetic biology for biomaterial we collaborated with Suzanne Lee, a Senior Research Fellow at St Martins School of Art & Design. She has been focusing on the use of a particular biomaterial called bacterial cellulose for the production of clothes in her project BioCouture (For more information please click this link [http://www.biocouture.co.uk]). Drying the gel like bacterial cellulose produces a dry sheet that can be cut and manipulated to produce clothes ranging from jackets to shoes (see pictures below). From our discussions with Ms Lee it became apparent that there were a number of potential advantages for taking a synthetic biology approach to BioCouture. This page summarises the use of bacterial cellulose and the potential advantages for a synthetic biology approach. <br>
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|<center>[[Image:Biocouture.PNG |200px]][[Image:Biocouture2.PNG |200px]]</center>
|<center>[[Image:Biocouture.PNG |200px]][[Image:Biocouture2.PNG |200px]]</center>
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{{Imperial/Box1|Cellulose|Although the bacterial cellulose has been known of for decades, it was not until X-ray crystallography studies that the structure was revealed. On the molecular level chains of  glucose join together in repeating units that build up microfibers. These microfibers randomly assemble into fibers of ~130nm width. During the drying process of bacterial cellulose the fibers arrange parallel to each others in layers. These give the dried cellulose sheets high stability and strength to the cellulose sheets.
{| cellpadding="1" style="background:#E5EBFF; border:4px solid #2B48B3; color:#2b48b3" align="center" width=90%
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|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#2B48B3>Structure of Bacterial Cellulose</font>
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|Although bacterial cellulose has been known and used for many years, its structure was not revealed until X-ray crystallography studies were carried out in the 1980s. On the molecular level, chains of  glucose join together in repeating units that build up to form microfibers. These microfibers randomly assemble into fibers of about 130nm in width. During the drying process of bacterial cellulose, these fibres arrange parallel to each others and form layered sheets. These give the dried cellulose sheets high stability and strength.
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|Traditionally, bacterial cellulose has been collected and used in nata-de-coca, an indigenous desert food of the Philippines. Recently a number of new applications have been proposed, ranging from paper production to skin patches for the treatment of skin damage.
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|Traditionally bacterial cellulose has been collected and used in nata-de-coca, an indigenous desert food of Philippines. Recently a number of new applications have been proposed from use in headphones and medical.... 
|[[Image:Cellulose structure picture.PNG|400px|center]]
|}}
|}}
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{| cellpadding="1" style="background:#2B48B3; border:4px solid #E5EBFF; color:#E5EBFF" align="center" width=90%
|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#E5EBFF>The Potential of Synthetic Biology</font>
|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#E5EBFF>Genetics of bacterial cellulose</font>
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|''Acetobacter xylinum'' is a Gram-negative bacterium that produces bacterial cellulose (BC). Central to BC production is cellulose synthase, which synthesizes cellulose from the sugar precursor, UDP-glucose. Cellulose synthase is thought to consist of four subunits known as A,B,C and D. A and B are thought to form a glycosyltransferase that catalyses a β-glycosyltransferase reaction to join two sugar molecules together to create chains of glucose progressively. It is hypothesised that the C subunit forms a pore for the transport of cellulose and D helps to crystallize cellulose into larger fibers. In addition two complementary enzymes appear to be essential for BC production, an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (Cmcax) and cellulose complementary protein (CcpAx). Cmcax causes hydrolysis of cellulose, but has been shown to be essential for BC production. The function of CcpAx remains to be elucidated.
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|[[Image:CELLULOSE GENES.PNG|500px|center]]
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{| cellpadding="1" style="background:#2b48b3; border:4px solid #E5EBFF; color:#E5EBFF" align="center" width=90%
|colspan="2"|<font size=5px color=#e5ebff>The Potential of Synthetic Biology</font>
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|The potential of synthetic biology for biomaterials lies in controlling synthesis. For example, in our biosubtilis fabricator we use a light input to drive the synthesis of biomaterial. This allows a greater control of the '''''Microscopic properties''''' (i.e the layout of fibers) and '''''Macroscopic properties''''' (i.e. the overall shape) of a biomaterial. Furthermore, changing the inputs into our biosubtilis fabricator can allow more specific control. For example, shaping cellulose around a mold to produce seamless clothes is technically challanging. However, adaption of the biofabrictor subtilis could allow binding and sensing of the mold to allow cellulose synthesis only when the bactria is bound.   
|The potential of synthetic biology for biomaterials lies in controlling synthesis. For example, in our Biofabricator subtilis we use a light input to drive the synthesis of biomaterial and halt movement. Using the biofabricator subtilis would allow a greater control of the '''''Microscopic properties''''' (i.e the layout of fibers) and '''''Macroscopic properties''''' (i.e. the overall shape) of the BioCouture. Furthermore, changing the inputs into our biofabricator subtilis could allow more specific control. For example, shaping cellulose around a mold to produce seamless clothes is technically challanging. However, adaption of the biofabrictor subtilis could allow binding and sensing of the mold to allow cellulose synthesis only when the bacteria is bound.   
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|[[Image:Blackbox cellulose.PNG|center|300px]]
|[[Image:Blackbox cellulose.PNG|center|500px]]
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Biomaterial
To explore the use of synthetic biology for biomaterial we collaborated with Suzanne Lee, a Senior Research Fellow at St Martins School of Art & Design. She has been focusing on the use of a particular biomaterial called bacterial cellulose for the production of clothes in her project BioCouture (For more information please click this link [1]). Drying the gel like bacterial cellulose produces a dry sheet that can be cut and manipulated to produce clothes ranging from jackets to shoes (see pictures below). From our discussions with Ms Lee it became apparent that there were a number of potential advantages for taking a synthetic biology approach to BioCouture. This page summarises the use of bacterial cellulose and the potential advantages for a synthetic biology approach.


Structure of Bacterial Cellulose
Although bacterial cellulose has been known and used for many years, its structure was not revealed until X-ray crystallography studies were carried out in the 1980s. On the molecular level, chains of glucose join together in repeating units that build up to form microfibers. These microfibers randomly assemble into fibers of about 130nm in width. During the drying process of bacterial cellulose, these fibres arrange parallel to each others and form layered sheets. These give the dried cellulose sheets high stability and strength.
Traditionally, bacterial cellulose has been collected and used in nata-de-coca, an indigenous desert food of the Philippines. Recently a number of new applications have been proposed, ranging from paper production to skin patches for the treatment of skin damage.
}
Genetics of bacterial cellulose
Acetobacter xylinum is a Gram-negative bacterium that produces bacterial cellulose (BC). Central to BC production is cellulose synthase, which synthesizes cellulose from the sugar precursor, UDP-glucose. Cellulose synthase is thought to consist of four subunits known as A,B,C and D. A and B are thought to form a glycosyltransferase that catalyses a β-glycosyltransferase reaction to join two sugar molecules together to create chains of glucose progressively. It is hypothesised that the C subunit forms a pore for the transport of cellulose and D helps to crystallize cellulose into larger fibers. In addition two complementary enzymes appear to be essential for BC production, an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (Cmcax) and cellulose complementary protein (CcpAx). Cmcax causes hydrolysis of cellulose, but has been shown to be essential for BC production. The function of CcpAx remains to be elucidated.


The Potential of Synthetic Biology
The potential of synthetic biology for biomaterials lies in controlling synthesis. For example, in our Biofabricator subtilis we use a light input to drive the synthesis of biomaterial and halt movement. Using the biofabricator subtilis would allow a greater control of the Microscopic properties (i.e the layout of fibers) and Macroscopic properties (i.e. the overall shape) of the BioCouture. Furthermore, changing the inputs into our biofabricator subtilis could allow more specific control. For example, shaping cellulose around a mold to produce seamless clothes is technically challanging. However, adaption of the biofabrictor subtilis could allow binding and sensing of the mold to allow cellulose synthesis only when the bacteria is bound.



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