IGEM:MIT/2007/Heavy Metals

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Contents 1 Reviews 2 Cadmium 2.1 Summary 2.2 Contamination Levels/Limits 2.3 Cadmium Contamination Sites 2.4 Promoters 3 Mercury 4 Current Industry Filtration Techniques

Reviews

• A Good Overview (though slightly back-dated): Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soil by trace metals [1]
• A summary of Pollutants from the EPA [2]

1. Paul D, Pandey G, Pandey J, and Jain RK. . pmid:15734556. PubMed HubMed [Paul05]
2. Valls M and de Lorenzo V. . pmid:12413663. PubMed HubMed [Valls02]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed

Cadmium

Summary

• Cd causes damage to cells primarily by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes single-strand DNA damage and disrupts the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. Cd is also an inhibitor of the DNA mismatch repair system…Results of this study confirmed that Cd toxicity caused profound changes in gene expression in which several stress response systems were induced simultaneously.
• known carcinogen
• Most recent(June06) paper on e.coli bioaccumulation of Cd

3. Deng X, Yi XE, and Liu G. . pmid:16890348. PubMed HubMed [Deng06]

Contamination Levels/Limits

• MCL(Maximum Containment Level): 5 ppb
• MCLG(Maximum Containment Level Goal): 5 ppb

4. Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Ide G, Roels HA, Vyncke G, and Amery A. . pmid:7911869. PubMed HubMed [Staessen94]
5. Satarug S, Baker JR, Urbenjapol S, Haswell-Elkins M, Reilly PE, Williams DJ, and Moore MR. . pmid:12505433. PubMed HubMed [Satarug03]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed

Cadmium Contamination Sites

6. Ishihara T, Kobayashi E, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kido T, Nishijyo M, Nakagawa H, and Nogawa K. . pmid:11376862. PubMed HubMed [Ishihara01]

Plachimada, India: [3]

• • statistics on Pb, Cd, Cr levels in well water surrounding a Coca-Cola plant (2006)
  • pictures too :)

Promoters

Pubmed: Plasmid pI258 (from S.aureus) cadmium resistance (cadA) gene, complete cds [4]

7. Brocklehurst KR, Megit SJ, and Morby AP. . pmid:12901859. PubMed HubMed [Brocklehurst03]

• Brocklehurst - contains sequence for ZntR/CadR and PzntA/PcadA

• • Semmie's article on CadC linked with GFP [5]

Mercury

• MCL: 2 ppb
• MCLG: 2 ppb
• 20 ppb makes the fish mercury buildup significant

• Polluted sites
  • Onondaga lake [6] [7] [8]
  • Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge [9]

• Detection (to assess our system):

• Gold Nanoparticles http://www.cah.ucf.edu/news/2005-Mercurynose.php

• Promoter

8. Hamlett NV, Landale EC, Davis BH, and Summers AO. . pmid:1328156. PubMed HubMed [Hamlett92]
9. Park SJ, Wireman J, and Summers AO. . pmid:1312997. PubMed HubMed [Park92]
10. Condee CW and Summers AO. . pmid:1334070. PubMed HubMed [Condee92]
11. Gambill BD and Summers AO. . pmid:4092936. PubMed HubMed [Gambill85]
12. Hansen LH and Sørensen SJ. . pmid:11094290. PubMed HubMed [Hansen00]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed

• Condee - Contains sequence for merO/P region
• Hansen - Plasmid with Pmer, MerR, and reporter (lux, lac, or gfp) tested in e.coli

Current Industry Filtration Techniques

Mercury: approved by EPA - Coagulation/Filtration; Granular Activated Carbon; Lime softening; Reverse osmosis.