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A.)Proposed experiment protocol.

The BADH marker system is integrated into the proteorhodopsin photosystem resulting in the chloroplast transformation vector. AuNPs are then coated with DNA and integrated into the chloroplast's cpDNA using bioballistics. Transformants are selected for by using betaine aldehyde. A second round of selection is done to yield homoplasmic cells with transgenic chloroplast. A transgenic �rice plant from transformed cell can now be grown.

B.)Schematic of proton pumps during solar to chemical energy conversion.
The pigment retinal absorbs green light while chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light. The energy is transferred to the proteorhodopsin photosystem and the photosynthetic �electron transport chain, which then create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. Protons are then used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.