Katherine Grace Johnson Electronic Lab Notebook: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:57, 5 February 2016

This is my lab notebook

Spring 2015

February 6, 2015

Repeat microchip data normalization for Ontario and GCAT from protocol Dahlquist:Microarray Data Processing in R. Data processed 1/30/15, but repeated today in order to record protocol to this notebook. Both normalized Excel data sheets will be compared to each other and to Natalie's to determine if there is a difference in normalization from computer to computer.

R x64 3.1.0 version used

Within Array Normalization for the Ontario Chips and Within Array Normalization for the GCAT Chips (includes between chip normalization)

Change Directory - Must scroll down to "User" to locate kjohn102, then select folder "Microarray Data"
to unzip files - right click, 7Zip, Extract here - this will place the unzipped file in the folder you are currently in
R asks you to call the data file (.script), then an Excel target file (.csv) in which to put the normalized data. These must both be in the same folder (Microarray data), and downloaded before R is run
Excel files are not generated until both normalizations are run
Two Excel files generated: GCAT_and_Ontario_Within_Array_Normalization.csv and GCAT_and_Ontario_Final_Normalized_Data.csv. File desired is Normalized Data. Rename with suffix _date_GJ
created Excel file, Comparison_Finalized_Normalized_Data_GJNW_20150206.csv to compare three sets of Normalized data: GJ1, GJ2, and NW
- GJ1 vs NW results - avg 10^-11 difference
- GJ1 vs GJ2 results - 0 difference
- Another normalization was run, named GJ3. This was compared to GJ2 in the Excel comparison document. Computer restarted, another normalization created - GJ4
- GJ2 vs GJ 3 results - 0 difference
- GJ3 vs GJ 4 results - 0 difference

Conclusions: Data normalization did not change from trial to trial on paradoxus computer, no matter the time of normalization. Normalization produced a slight difference between boulardii and paradoxus computers.

April 14, 2015

Completing Week 11 and Week 12 assignments from [BIOL398]. I will complete statistical testing of wild type data, and generate a network from this data.

Notes for improvement:

use COUNTIF function instead of filtering the numbers when looking at p-values
To prepare for analysis in STEM, columns containing #VALUE! had to be removed by using custom filter: does not equal #VALUE!. Remaining number values had to be copied and pasted into a new sheet.
On macs, cluster files from STEM are not recognized by Excel. Textedit files must be converted to csv by the following procedure:
- Select a tab character and press Command F, Paste into top bar
- Click replace, then type a comma into the replace bar. Click replace all.
- Save with file extension .csv (type manually if it is not a drop down option)

YEASTRACT analysis of profile cluster #45

19 significant transcription factors

Sfp1
Fkh2
Yhp1
Yox1
Cyc8
YLR278C
Ace2
Rif1
Msn2
Stb5
Asg1
Msn4
Mig2
Swi5
Snf6
Pdr1
Gcr2
Gat3
Mcm1

Our transcription factors from deletion strains (CIN5, GLN3, HMO1, ZAP1) are not included on this list.
Use "Only DNA binding evidence" selection choice when generating networks in YEASTRACT
- Network should have 40-60 edges

April 29, 2015

Completing Week 13 and Week 14 assignments from [BIOL398]. I will use profile #45 from the YEASTRACT database as the basis for the network to be run through GRNmap. Including the four deletion strains, this network has 23 nodes and 46 edges.

Protocol for Week 13 and 14 assignments was followed to produce:
- Outputs keeping b parameter fixed (i.e. fix_b is set to 1 on the optimization_parameters sheet of input workbook)
- Outputs allowing b to be estimated (i.e. fix_b is set to 0 on the optimization_parameters sheet of input workbook)
- Outputs for both runs include:
  - Estimation Excel sheet containing estimated production rates, estimated b values (if applicable), and optimized weights for each transcription factor in the network
  - Output graphs for each transcription factor in the network
Both networks were visualized using GRNsight:
- The output Excel sheet can be used in GRNsight with one minor edit: change name of "out_network_optimized_weights" to "network_optimized_weights"

SURP

May 18, 2015

Microarray Data Analysis

Correct formatting:
- Show file extensions
- When downloading files, change Firefox settings to default save to Desktop; Firefox->Options->Change to Desktop->select always ask where to save
- Store files with your name, then yyyymmdd

Microarray data
- Chips used are of two types: GCAT and Ontario
  - GCAT has two gene blocks on each chip. WT data.
  - Ontario has technical replicates, duplicate spots directly next to eachother. Ontario contains more genes than GCAT. WT and deletion data.

Zipped files use compression algorithms
- To unzip files with Microsoft:
  - right click on desired file
  - click arrow on 7-zip line

Steps 4-5: Within- and Between-chip Normalization

A more detailed protocol can be found on this page. An abbreviated protocol is summarized below.

Installing R 3.1.0 and the limma package

The following protocol was developed to normalize GCAT and Ontario DNA microarray chip data from the Dahlquist lab using the R Statistical Software and the limma package (part of the Bioconductor Project).

The normalization procedure has been verified to work with version 3.1.0 of R released in April 2014 (link to download site) and and version 3.20.1 of the limma package ( direct link to download zipped file) on the Windows 7 platform.
- Note that using other versions of R or the limma package might give different results.
- Note also that using the 32-bit versus the 64-bit versions of R 3.1.0 will give different results for the normalization out in the 10^-13 or 10^-14 decimal place. The Dahlquist Lab is standardizing on using the 64-bit version of R.
To install R for the first time, download and run the installer from the link above, accepting the default installation.
To use the limma package, unzip the file and place the contents into a folder called "limma" in the library directory of the R program. If you accept the default location, that will be C:\Program Files\R\R-3.1.0\library (this will be different on the computers in S120 since you do not have administrator rights).

Running the Normalization Scripts

Create a folder on your Desktop to store your files for the microarray analysis procedure.
Download the zipped file that contains the .gpr files and save it to this folder (or move it if it saved in a different folder).
- Unzip this file using 7-zip. Right-click on the file and select the menu item, "7-zip > Extract Here".
Download the GCAT_Targets.csv file and Ontario_Targets_wt-dCIN5-dGLN3-dHAP4-dHMO1-dSWI4-dZAP1-Spar_20150514.csv files and save them to this folder (or move them if they saved to a different folder).
Download the Ontario_Chip_Within-Array_Normalization_modified_20150514.R script and save (or move) it to this folder.
Download the Within-Array_Normalization_GCAT_and_Merged_Ontario-GCAT_Between-Chip_Normalization_modified_20150514.R script and save (or move) it to this folder.

Within Array Normalization for the Ontario Chips

Launch R x64 3.1.0 (make sure you are using the 64-bit version).
Change the directory to the folder containing the targets file and the GPR files for the Ontario chips by selecting the menu item File > Change dir... and clicking on the appropriate directory. You will need to click on the + sign to drill down to the right directory. Once you have selected it, click OK.
In R, select the menu item File > Source R code..., and select the Ontario_Chip_Within-Array_Normalization_modified_20150514.R script.
- You will be prompted by an Open dialog for the Ontario targets file. Select the file Ontario_Targets_wt-dCIN5-dGLN3-dHAP4-dHMO1-dSWI4-dZAP1-Spar_20150514.csv and click Open.
- Wait while R processes your files.

Within Array Normalization for the GCAT Chips and Between Array Normalization for All Chips

These instructions assume that you have just completed the Within Array Normalization for the Ontario Chips in the section above.
In R, select the menu item File > Source R code..., and select the Within-Array_Normalization_GCAT_and_Merged_Ontario-GCAT_Between-Chip_Normalization_modified_20150514.R script.
- You will be prompted by an Open dialog for the GCAT targets file. Select the file GCAT_Targets.csv and click Open.
- Wait while R processes your files.
When the processing has finished, you will find two files called GCAT_and_Ontario_Within_Array_Normalization.csv and GCAT_and_Ontario_Final_Normalized_Data.csv in the same folder.
- Save these files to LionShare and/or to a flash drive.

Visualizing the Normalized Data

Create MA Plots and Box Plots for the GCAT Chips

Input the following code, line by line, into the main R window. Press the enter key after each block of code.

GCAT.GeneList<-RGG$genes$ID

lg<-log2((RGG$R-RGG$Rb)/(RGG$G-RGG$Gb))

If you get a message saying "NaNs produced" this is OK, proceed to the next step.

r0<-length(lg[1,])
rx<-tapply(lg[,1],as.factor(GCAT.GeneList),mean)
r1<-length(rx)
MM<-matrix(nrow=r1,ncol=r0)

for(i in 1:r0) {MM[,i]<-tapply(lg[,i],as.factor(GCAT.GeneList),mean)}

MC<-matrix(nrow=r1,ncol=r0)

for(i in 1:r0) {MC[,i]<-dw[i]*MM[,i]}

MCD<-as.data.frame(MC)
colnames(MCD)<-chips
rownames(MCD)<-gcatID

la<-(1/2*log2((RGG$R-RGG$Rb)*(RGG$G-RGG$Gb)))

If you get these Warning messages, it's OK:

1: In (RGG$R - RGG$Rb) * (RGG$G - RGG$Gb) :

NAs produced by integer overflow

2: NaNs produced

r2<-length(la[1,])
ri<-tapply(la[,1],as.factor(GCAT.GeneList),mean)
r3<-length(ri)
AG<-matrix(nrow=r3,ncol=r2)

for(i in 1:r2) {AG[,i]<-tapply(la[,i],as.factor(GCAT.GeneList),mean)}

par(mfrow=c(3,3))

for(i in 1:r2) {plot(AG[,i],MC[,i],main=chips[i],xlab='A',ylab='M',ylim=c(-5,5),xlim=c(0,15))}
browser()

Maximize the window in which the graphs have appeared. Save the graphs as a JPEG (File>Save As>JPEG>100% quality...). Once the graphs have been saved, close the window. To continue with the rest of the code, press Enter.
- To make sure that you save the clearest image, do not scroll in the window because a grey bar will appear if you do so.
The next set of code is for the generation of the GCAT boxplots for the wild-type data.

x0<-tapply(MAG$A[,1],as.factor(MAG$genes$ID),mean)
y0<-length(MAG$A[1,])
x1<-length(x0)
AAG<-matrix(nrow=x1,ncol=y0)

for(i in 1:y0) {AAG[,i]<-tapply(MAG$A[,i],as.factor(MAG$genes$ID),mean)}

par(mfrow=c(3,3))

for(i in 1:y0) {plot(AAG[,i],MG2[,i],main=chips[i],xlab='A',ylab='M',ylim=c(-5,5),xlim=c(0,15))}
browser()

Maximize the window in which the graphs have appeared. Save the graphs as a JPEG (File>Save As>JPEG>100% quality...). Once the graphs have been saved, close the window. To continue with the rest of the code, press Enter.

par(mfrow=c(1,3))

boxplot(MCD,main="Before Normalization",ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')

axis(1,at=xy.coords(chips)$x,tick=TRUE,labels=FALSE)

text(xy.coords(chips)$x-1,par('usr')[3]-0.6,labels=chips,srt=45,cex=0.9,xpd=TRUE)

boxplot(MG2,main='After Within Array Normalization',ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')

axis(1,at=xy.coords(chips)$x,labels=FALSE)

text(xy.coords(chips)$x-1,par('usr')[3]-0.6,labels=chips,srt=45,cex=0.9,xpd=TRUE)

boxplot(MAD[,Gtop$MasterList],main='After Between Array Normalization',ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')

axis(1, at=xy.coords(chips)$x,labels=FALSE)

text(xy.coords(chips)$x-1,par('usr')[3]-0.6,labels=chips,srt=45,cex=0.9,xpd=TRUE)

Maximize the window in which the plots have appeared. You may not want to actually maximize them because you might lose the labels on the x axis, but make them as large as you can. Save the plots as a JPEG (File>Save As>JPEG>100% quality...). Once the graphs have been saved, close the window.

Create MA Plots and Box Plots for the Ontario Chips

Input the following code, line by line, into the main R window. Press the enter key after each block of code.

Ontario.GeneList<-RGO$genes$Name

lr<-log2((RGO$R-RGO$Rb)/(RGO$G-RGO$Gb))

Warning message: "NaNs produced" is OK.

z0<-length(lr[1,])
v0<-tapply(lr[,1],as.factor(Ontario.GeneList),mean)
z1<-length(v0)
MT<-matrix(nrow=z1,ncol=z0)

for(i in 1:z0) {MT[,i]<-tapply(lr[,i],as.factor(Ontario.GeneList),mean)}

MI<-matrix(nrow=z1,ncol=z0)

for(i in 1:z0) {MI[,i]<-ds[i]*MT[,i]}

MID<-as.data.frame(MI)
colnames(MID)<-headers
rownames(MID)<-ontID

ln<-(1/2*log2((RGO$R-RGO$Rb)*(RGO$G-RGO$Gb)))

Warning messages are OK:

1: In (RGO$R - RGO$Rb) * (RGO$G - RGO$Gb) :

NAs produced by integer overflow

2: NaNs produced

z2<-length(ln[1,])
zi<-tapply(ln[,1],as.factor(Ontario.GeneList),mean)
z3<-length(zi)
AO<-matrix(nrow=z3,ncol=z2)

for(i in 1:z0) {AO[,i]<-tapply(ln[,i],as.factor(Ontario.GeneList),mean)}

strains<-c('wt','dCIN5','dGLN3','dHAP4','dHMO1','dSWI4','dZAP1','Spar')

After entering the call browser() below, maximize the window in which the graphs have appeared. Save the graphs as a JPEG (File>Save As>JPEG>100% quality...). Once the graphs have been saved, close the window and press Enter for the next set of graphs to appear.
- The last graph to appear will be the spar graphs.
- The graphs generated from this code are the before Ontario chips
Be sure to save the 8 graphs before moving on to the next step

for (i in 1:length(strains)) {
  st<-strains[i]
  lt<-which(Otargets$Strain %in% st)
  if (st=='wt') {
      par(mfrow=c(3,5))
  } else {
      par(mfrow=c(4,5))
  }
  for (i in lt) {
    plot(AO[,i],MI[,i],main=headers[i],xlab="A",ylab="M",ylim=c(-5,5),xlim=c(0,15))
  }
  browser()
}

To continue generating plots, press enter.

j0<-tapply(MAO$A[,1],as.factor(MAO$genes[,5]),mean)
k0<-length(MAO$A[1,])
j1<-length(j0)
AAO<-matrix(nrow=j1,ncol=k0)

for(i in 1:k0) {AAO[,i]<-tapply(MAO$A[,i],as.factor(MAO$genes[,5]),mean)}

Remember, that after entering the call readline('Press Enter to continue'), maximize the window in which the graphs have appeared. Save the graphs as a JPEG (File>Save As>JPEG>100% quality...). Once the graphs have been saved, close the window and press Enter for the next set of graphs to appear.
- Again, the last graphs to appear will be the spar graphs.
- These graphs that are produced are for the after Ontario chips
Again, be sure to save 8 graphs before moving on to the next part of the code.

for (i in 1:length(strains)) {
  st<-strains[i]
  lt<-which(Otargets$Strain %in% st)
  if (st=='wt') {
      par(mfrow=c(3,5))
  } else {
      par(mfrow=c(4,5))
  }
  for (i in lt) {
    plot(AAO[,i],MD2[,i],main=headers[i],xlab="A",ylab="M",ylim=c(-5,5),xlim=c(0,15))
  }
  browser()
}

To continue generating plots, press enter.

for (i in 1:length(strains)) {
  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  st<-strains[i]
  lt<-which(Otargets$Strain %in% st)
  if (st=='wt') {
      xcoord<-xy.coords(lt)$x-1
      fsize<-0.9
  } else {
      xcoord<-xy.coords(lt)$x-1.7
      fsize<-0.8
  }
  boxplot(MID[,lt],main='Before Normalization',ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')
  axis(1,at=xy.coords(lt)$x,labels=FALSE)
  text(xcoord,par('usr')[3]-0.65,labels=headers[lt],srt=45,cex=fsize,xpd=TRUE)
  boxplot(MD2[,lt],main='After Within Array Normalization',ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')
  axis(1,at=xy.coords(lt)$x,labels=FALSE)
  text(xcoord,par('usr')[3]-0.65,labels=headers[lt],srt=45,cex=fsize,xpd=TRUE)
  ft<-Otargets$MasterList[which(Otargets$Strain %in% st)]
  boxplot(MAD[,ft],main='After Between Array Normalization',ylab='Log Fold Change',ylim=c(-5,5),xaxt='n')
  axis(1,at=xy.coords(lt)$x,labels=FALSE)
  text(xcoord,par('usr')[3]-0.65,labels=headers[lt],srt=45,cex=fsize,xpd=TRUE)
  browser()
}

To continue generating the box plots, press enter.
- You will have to save 8 plots before you have completed the procedure. The last box plot is for spar.
Warnings are OK.
Zip the files of the plots together and upload to LionShare and/or save to a flash drive.

Summary

Followed protocol of steps 4 and 5 from Dahlquist:Microarray_Data_Analysis_Workflow
MA plots generated show the log change vs intensity of red and green. Unbiased data should show straight, horizontal lines. Normalization forces conformation to straight lines, therefore after-normalization plots should be more straight than before normalization.
Data produced for these strains:
- wt
- dCIN5
- dGLN3
- dHAP4
- dHMO1
- dSWI4
- dZAP1
- Spar, or Saccharomyces paradoxus

Step 6: Statistical Analysis

For the statistical analysis, we will begin with the file "GCAT_and_Ontario_Final_Normalized_Data.csv" that you generated in the previous step.
Open this file in Excel and Save As an Excel Workbook *.xlsx. It is a good idea to add your initials and the date (yyyymmdd) to the filename as well.
Rename the worksheet with the data "Compiled_Normalized_Data".
- Type the header "ID" in cell A1.
- Insert a new column after column A and name it "Standard Name". Column B will contain the common names for the genes on the microarray.
  - Copy the entire column of IDs from Column A.
  - Paste the names into the "Value" field of the ORF List <-> Gene List tool in YEASTRACT. Then, click on the "Transform" button.
  - Select all of the names in the "Gene Name" column of the resulting table.
  - Copy and paste these names into column B of the *.xlsx file. Save your work.
- Insert a new column on the very left and name it "MasterIndex". We will create a numerical index of genes so that we can always sort them back into the same order.
  - Type a "1" in cell A2 and a "2" in cell A3.
  - Select both cells. Hover your mouse over the bottom-right corner of the selection until it makes a thin black + sign. Double-click on the + sign to fill the entire column with a series of numbers from 1 to 6189 (the number of genes on the microarray).
Insert a new worksheet and call it "Rounded_Normalized_Data". We are going to round the normalization results to four decimal places because of slight variations seen in different runs of the normalization script.
- Copy the first three columns of the "Compiled_Normalized_Data" sheet and paste it into the first three columns of the "Rounded_Normalized_Data" sheet.
- Copy the first row of the "Compiled_Normalized_Data" sheet and paste it into the first row of the "Rounded_Normalized_Data" sheet.
- In cell C2, type the equation =ROUND(Compiled_Normalized_Data!C2,4).
- Copy and paste this equation in the rest of the cells of row 2.
- Select all of the cells of row 2 and hover your mouse over the bottom right corner of the selection. When the cursor changes to a thin black "plus" sign, double-click on it to paste the equation to all the rows in the worksheet. Save your work.
Insert a new worksheet and call it "Master_Sheet".
- Go back to the "Rounded_Normalized_Data" sheet and Select All and Copy.
- Click on cell A1 of the "Master_Sheet" worksheet. Select Paste special > Paste values to paste the values, but not the formulas from the previous sheet. Save your work.
- There will be some #VALUE! errors in cells where there was missing data for genes that existed on the Ontario chips, but not the GCAT chips.
  - Select the menu item Find/Replace and Find all cells with "#VALUE!" and replace them with a single space character.
    - 477 items found and replaced
This will be the starting point for our statistical analysis below.

Within-strain ANOVA

Purpose of ANOVA: is there significance at any time point?
Within-Strain ANOVA testing begun for dHAP4 strain with Monica Hong
The purpose of the witin-stain ANOVA test is to determine if any genes had a gene expression change that was significantly different than zero at any timepoint.
Each student in the lab group will be assigned one strain to analyze from this point forward.
- Anu/Natalie: wt
- Grace/Monica: Δhap4
- Kevin M./Nicole: Δgln3
- Kevin W./KD: Δswi4
- Tessa/Trixie:Δcin5
- Note that we chose not to do Δhmo1, Δzap1 or S. paradoxus so that students could work in pairs and check each others' work.

Create a new worksheet, naming it "dHAP4_ANOVA"
Copy all of the data from the "Master_Sheet" worksheet for your strain and paste it into your new worksheet.
At the top of the first column to the right of your data, create five column headers of the form dHAP1_AvgLogFC_(TIME) where (TIME) is 15, 30, etc.
In the cell below the dHAP4_AvgLogFC_t15 header, type =AVERAGE(
Then highlight all the data in row 2 associated with dHAP4 and t15, press the closing paren key (shift 0),and press the "enter" key.
This cell now contains the average of the log fold change data from the first gene at t=15 minutes.
Click on this cell and position your cursor at the bottom right corner. You should see your cursor change to a thin black plus sign (not a chubby white one). When it does, double click, and the formula will magically be copied to the entire column of 6188 other genes.
Repeat steps (4) through (8) with the t30, t60, t90, and the t120 data.
Now in the first empty column to the right of the dHAP4_AvgLogFC_t120 calculation, create the column header dHAP4_ss_HO.
In the first cell below this header, type =SUMSQ(
Highlight all the LogFC data in row 2 for your dHAP4 (but not the AvgLogFC), press the closing paren key (shift 0),and press the "enter" key.
In the next empty column to the right of dHAP4_ss_HO, create the column headers dHAP4_ss_(TIME) as in (3).
Note: dHAP4 strain has 18 chips (4 replicates for t15, t30, t60 and 3 replicates for t90 and t120)
In the first cell below the header dHAP4_ss_t15, type =SUMSQ(<range of cells for logFC_t15>)-<number of data points>*<AvgLogFC_t15>^2 and hit enter.
- The phrase <range of cells for logFC_t15> should be replaced by the data range associated with t15.
- The phrase <number of data points> should be replaced by the number of data points for that timepoint (either 3,or 4).
- The phrase <AvgLogFC_t15> should be replaced by the cell number in which you computed the AvgLogFC for t15, and the "^2" squares that value.
- Upon completion of this single computation, use the Step (7) trick to copy the formula throughout the column.
Repeat this computation for the t30 through t120 data points. Again, be sure to get the data for each time point, type the right number of data points, and get the average from the appropriate cell for each time point, and copy the formula to the whole column for each computation.
In the first column to the right of dHAP4_ss_t120, create the column header dHAP4_SS_full.
In the first row below this header, type =sum(<range of cells containing "ss" for each timepoint>) and hit enter.
In the next two columns to the right, create the headers dHAP4_Fstat and dHAP4_p-value.
Recall the total number of data points - 18.
In the first cell of the dHAP4_Fstat column, type =((18-5)/5)*(<dHAP4_ss_HO>-<dHAP4_SS_full>)/<dHAP4_SS_full> and hit enter.
- Copy to the whole column.
In the first cell below the dHAP4_p-value header, type =FDIST(<dHAP4_Fstat>,5,18-5) replacing the phrase <dHAP4_Fstat> . Copy to the whole column.
Before we move on to the next step, we will perform a quick sanity check to see if we did all of these computations correctly.
- Click on cell A1 and click on the Data tab. Select the Filter icon (looks like a funnel). Little drop-down arrows should appear at the top of each column. This will enable us to filter the data according to criteria we set.
- Click on the drop-down arrow on your dHAP4_p-value column. Select "Number Filters". In the window that appears, set a criterion that will filter your data so that the p value has to be less than 0.05.
- Excel will now only display the rows that correspond to data meeting that filtering criterion. A number will appear in the lower left hand corner of the window giving you the number of rows that meet that criterion. We will check our results with each other to make sure that the computations were performed correctly.

Calculate the Bonferroni and p value Correction

Now we will perform adjustments to the p value to correct for the multiple testing problem. Label the next two columns to the right with the same label, dHAP4_Bonferroni_p-value.
Type the equation =<dHAP4_p-value>*6189, Upon completion of this single computation, use the Step (10) trick to copy the formula throughout the column.
Replace any corrected p value that is greater than 1 by the number 1 by typing the following formula into the first cell below the second dHAP4_Bonferroni_p-value header: =IF(r2>1,1,r2). Use the Step (10) trick to copy the formula throughout the column.

Calculate the Benjamini & Hochberg p value Correction

Insert a new worksheet named "dHAP4_B&H".
Copy and paste the "MasterIndex", "ID", and "Standard Name" columns from your previous worksheet into the first two columns of the new worksheet.
For the following, use Paste special > Paste values. Copy your unadjusted p values from your ANOVA worksheet and paste it into Column D.
Select all of columns A, B, C, and D. Sort by ascending values on Column D. Click the sort button from A to Z on the toolbar, in the window that appears, sort by column C, smallest to largest.
Type the header "Rank" in cell E1. We will create a series of numbers in ascending order from 1 to 6189 in this column. This is the p value rank, smallest to largest. Type "1" into cell E2 and "2" into cell E3. Select both cells E2 and E3. Double-click on the plus sign on the lower right-hand corner of your selection to fill the column with a series of numbers from 1 to 6189.
Now you can calculate the Benjamini and Hochberg p value correction. Type dHAP4_B-H_p-value in cell F1. Type the following formula in cell F2: =(D2*6189)/E2 and press enter. Copy that equation to the entire column.
Type "dHAP4_B-H_p-value" into cell G1.
Type the following formula into cell G2: =IF(F2>1,1,F2) and press enter. Copy that equation to the entire column.
Select columns A through G. Now sort them by your MasterIndex in Column A in ascending order.
Copy column G and use Paste special > Paste values to paste it into the next column on the right of your ANOVA sheet.

Sanity Check: Number of genes significantly changed

Before we move on to further analysis of the data, we want to perform a more extensive sanity check to make sure that we performed our data analysis correctly. We are going to find out the number of genes that are significantly changed at various p value cut-offs.

Go to your dHAP4_ANOVA worksheet.
Select row 1 (the row with your column headers) and select the menu item Data > Filter > Autofilter (The funnel icon on the Data tab). Little drop-down arrows should appear at the top of each column. This will enable us to filter the data according to criteria we set.
Click on the drop-down arrow for the unadjusted p value. Set a criterion that will filter your data so that the p value has to be less than 0.05.
- How many genes have p < 0.05? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 2387 (38.6%)
- How many genes have p < 0.01? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 1489 (24.1%)
- How many genes have p < 0.001? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 679 (11.0%)
- How many genes have p < 0.0001? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 240 (3.88%)
The 0.05 p-value must be narrowed down. To apply a more stringent filter and account for the multiple testing problem, we will apply the Bonferroni (multiply p-value by 6189) and B&H (same as Bonferroni, but stringency decreases as p-value rank decreases)corrections.
- How many genes are p < 0.05 for the Bonferroni-corrected p value? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 61 (0.986%)
- How many genes are p < 0.05 for the Benjamini and Hochberg-corrected p value? and what is the percentage (out of 6189)?
  - 1615 (26.1%)
Results of dHAP4 deletion compared to wt Media:DHAP1 p-value slide 20150518 GJ.pptx

In summary, the p value cut-off should not be thought of as some magical number at which data becomes "significant". Instead, it is a moveable confidence level. If we want to be very confident of our data, use a small p value cut-off. If we are OK with being less confident about a gene expression change and want to include more genes in our analysis, we can use a larger p value cut-off.
Comparing results with known data: the expression of the gene NSR1 (ID: YGR159C)is known to be induced by cold shock. Find NSR1 in your dataset. What is its unadjusted, Bonferroni-corrected, and B-H-corrected p values? What is its average Log fold change at each of the timepoints in the experiment?
- unadjusted p-value:0.01505
- Bonferroni-corrected: 93.11
- B&H corrected: 0.05539
- Log fold changes:
  - t15: 2.6095
  - t30: 3.1899
  - t60: 3.4241
  - t90: -1.1533
  - t120: -1.7281

May 19, 2015

Step 6: Statistical Analysis

Modified t-test for each timepoint

purpose of t-test: is there a significant change from zero at each time point?
analysis performed in same Excel workbook as above

Insert a new worksheet into your Excel workbook and name it "dHAP4_ttest"
Go back to the "Master_Sheet" worksheet for your strain. Copy the first three columns containing the "MasterIndex", "ID", and "Standard Name" from the "Master_Sheet" worksheet for your strain and paste it into your new worksheet. Copy the columns containing the data for dHAP4 and paste it into your new worksheet.
Go to the empty columns to the right on your worksheet (columns V through Z). Create new column headings in the top cells to label the average log fold changes that you will compute. Name them with the pattern <dHAP4>_<AvgLogFC>_<tx> where x is the time. For example, "dHAP4_AvgLogFC_t15".
Compute the average log fold change for the replicates for each timepoint by typing the equation:

=AVERAGE(range of cells in the row for that timepoint)

into the second cell below the column heading. For example, the equation for t15 reads

=AVERAGE(D2:G2)

Copy this equation and paste it into the rest of the column.

Create the equation for the rest of the timepoints and paste it into their respective columns.
Go to the empty columns to the right on your worksheet (AA through AE). Create new column headings in the top cells to label the T statistic that you will compute. Name them with the pattern <dHAP4>_<Tstat>_<tx> where x is the time. For example, "dHAP4_Tstat_t15". You will now compute a T statistic that tells you whether the normalized average log fold change is significantly different than 0 (no change in expression). Enter the equation into cell AA2 for the t15 time points:

=AVERAGE(D2:G2)/(STDEV(D2:G2)/SQRT(4))

(NOTE: in this case the number of replicates is 4. For dHAP4 strain, t90 and t120 only have 3 replicates. Be careful that you are using the correct number of parentheses.) Copy the equation and paste it into all rows in that column. Create the equation for the rest of the timepoints and paste it into their respective columns. Note that you can save yourself some time by completing the first equation for all of the T statistics and then copy and paste all the columns at once.

Go to the empty columns to the right on your worksheet (AF through AJ). Create new column headings in the top cells to label the P value that you will compute. Name them with the pattern <dHAP4>_<Pval>_<tx> where x is the time. For example, "dHAP4_Pval_t15". In the cell AF2 for t15, enter the equation:

=TDIST(ABS(AA2),3,2)

Where 3 is degrees of freedom (4 replicates -1), and 2 is the number of tails on the t-test. Note that t90 and t120 will have 2 degrees of freedom. Copy the equation and paste it into all rows in that column.

As with the ANOVA, we encounter the multiple testing problem here as well.

Bonferroni Correction

Now we will perform adjustments to the p value to correct for the multiple testing problem. Label the columns to the right (AK through AT) with the label, dHAP4_Bonferroni-Pval_tx (do this twice in a row).
Into cell AK2 type the equation =<AF2>*6189, Upon completion of this single computation, use the trick to copy the formula throughout the column.
Replace any corrected p value that is greater than 1 by the number 1 by typing the following formula into the first cell below the second dHAP2_Bonferroni-Pval_t15 header (cell AL2): =IF(AK2>1,1,AK2). Use the trick to copy the formula throughout the column.
Repeat this for all five time points.

Benjamini & Hochberg Correction

Insert a new worksheet named "dHAP_ttest_BH". You will need to perform the procedure below for the p values for each timepoint. Do them individually one at a time to avoid confusion.
Copy and paste the "MasterIndex", "ID", and "Standard Name" columns from your previous worksheet into the first two columns of the new worksheet.
For the following, use Paste special > Paste values. Copy your unadjusted p values from the first timepoint from your ttest worksheet and paste it into Column D.
Select all of columns A, B, C, and D. Sort by ascending values on Column D. Click the sort button from A to Z on the toolbar, in the window that appears, sort by column D, smallest to largest.
Type the header "Rank" in cell E1. We will create a series of numbers in ascending order from 1 to 6189 in this column. This is the p value rank, smallest to largest. Type "1" into cell E2 and "2" into cell E3. Select both cells E2 and E3. Double-click on the plus sign on the lower right-hand corner of your selection to fill the column with a series of numbers from 1 to 6189.
Now you can calculate the Benjamini and Hochberg p value correction. Type dHAP4_BH_Pval_t15 in cell F1. Type the following formula in cell F2: =(D2*6189)/E2 and press enter. Copy that equation to the entire column.
Type "dHAP4_B-H_Pval_t15" into cell G1 for the greater than 1 logic test.
Type the following formula into cell G2: =IF(F2>1,1,F2) and press enter. Copy that equation to the entire column.
Select columns A through G. Now sort them by your MasterIndex in Column A in ascending order.
Copy column G and use Paste special > Paste values to paste it into the next column on the right of your ttest sheet.
Repeat for the other four time points.

Sanity Check

We will also perform the "sanity check" as follows:
- Determine how many genes have a p value < 0.05 at each timepoint.
  - t15: 1197
  - t30: 1772
  - t60: 2006
  - t90: 234
  - t120: 515
- Keeping the "Pval" filter at p < 0.05, How many have an average log fold change of > 0.25 and p < 0.05 at each timepoint?'
  - t15: 690
  - t30: 947
  - t60: 1028
  - t90: 141
  - t120: 289
- How many have an average log fold change of < -0.25 and p < 0.05 at each timepoint? (These log fold change cut-offs represent about a 20% fold change in expression.)
  - t15: 501
  - t30: 814
  - t60: 967
  - t90: 83
  - t120: 216
- How many genes have B&H corrected p < 0.05?
  - t15: 2
  - t30: 108
  - t60: 241
  - t90: 0
  - t120: 0
- How many genes have a Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05?
  - t15: 2
  - t30: 0
  - t60: 1
  - t90: 0
  - t120: 0

Summarized results of modified t-test (and withing strain ANOVA from May 18) can be found on this document: Media:DHAP1 p-value slide 20150518 GJ.pptx

Between-Strain ANOVA

The detailed description of how this is done can be found on this page. A brief version of the protocol appears below.

All two strain comparisons were performed in MATLAB using the script Two_strain_compare_corrected_20140813_3pm.zip (within a zip file):
- Download the zipped script file, extract it to the folder that contains your Excel file with the worksheet named "Master_Sheet". (The script and Excel file must be in the same folder to work.)
- Launch MATLAB version 2014b.
- In MATLAB, you will need to navigate to the folder containing the script and the Excel file.
  - Near the top of the page, you will see a a field that contains the path to the working directory. Just to the left of it, there is an icon that looks like a folder opening with a green down arrow. Click on this icon to open a dialog box where you can choose your folder containing the script and Excel file.
  - Once you have selected your folder, the left-hand pane should display the contents of that folder. To open the MATLAB script, you can double-click on it from that pane. The code for the script will appear in the center pane.
You will need to make a few edits to the code, depending on which strain comparison you want to make.
- For the first block of code, the user must input the name of the Excel file to be imported as the variable "filename", the sheet from which the data will be imported as the variable "sheetname", and the two strains that will be compared as the variables "strain1" and "strain2", in this case "wt" and "dHAP4"
  - MATLAB will read either .xlsx or .xls
  - Also note that this script will not work for any comparison involving dSWI4 because it has been hard-coded to expect 5 timepoints instead of 4.

%% User must input filename, sheetname, and strains for comparison
filename = 'dHAP4_2StrainANOVA_20150519_GJ.xlsx'; % Name of input file
sheetname  = 'Master_Sheet'; % Name of sheet in input file containing data to analyze
% % If one of the two strains you are working on is the wildtype, keep that
% % wildtype as strain 1.
strain1    = 'wt'; %Here should be wt, dCIN5, dGLN3, dHAP4, dHMO1, dZAP1, or Spar
% % Select strain 2 to be one of the other strains you would like to
% % compare with the first strain.
strain2    = 'dHAP4';

The user does not have to modify any of the code from here on.
The next two lines of code ask the user whether or not they would like to see plots for each gene with an unadjusted p-value < 0.05. If the user does want to see these plots, they enter "1". If they would not like to see these plots, the user enters "0". When prompted, enter a "1" to see the plots displayed.

disp('Do you want to view plots for each gene with an unadjusted p-value < 0.05?')
graph = input('If yes, enter "1". If no, enter "0". ');

Output files saved:
- wt_dHAP4_ANOVA_out_data.xls
- wt_dHAP4_out_data.mat

Output p-values
- Number of genes with uncorrected p<0.05 for wt vs dHAP4(from column S of wt_dHAP4_ANOVA_out_data.xls): 640
- Number of genes with B&H p<0.05 for wt vs dHAP4 (from column V of wt_dHAP4_ANOVA_out_data.xls): 23

Step 7-8: Clustering and GO Term Enrichment with stem

Prepare your microarray data file for loading into STEM.
- Insert a new worksheet into your Excel workbook, and name it "dHAP4_stem".
- Select all of the data from your "dHAP4_ANOVA" worksheet and Paste special > paste values into your "dHAP4_stem" worksheet.
  - Your leftmost column should have the column header "MasterIndex". Rename this column to "SPOT". Column B should be named "ID". Rename this column to "Gene Symbol". Delete the column named "StandardName".
  - Filter the data on the B-H corrected p value to be > 0.05 (that's greater than in this case).
    - Once the data has been filtered, select all of the rows (except for your header row) and delete the rows by right-clicking and choosing "Delete Row" from the context menu. Undo the filter. This ensures that we will cluster only the genes with a "significant" change in expression and not the noise.
  - Delete all of the data columns EXCEPT for the Average Log Fold change columns for each timepoint (for example, wt_AvgLogFC_t15, etc.).
  - Rename the data columns with just the time and units (for example, 15m, 30m, etc.).
  - Save your work. Then use Save As to save this spreadsheet as Text (Tab-delimited) (*.txt). Click OK to the warnings and close your file.
    - Note that you should turn on the file extensions if you have not already done so.
Now download and extract the STEM software. Click here to go to the STEM web site.
- Click on the download link, register, and download the stem.zip file to your Desktop.
- Unzip the file. Right click on the file icon and select the menu item 7-zip > Extract Here.
- This will create a folder called stem. Inside the folder, double-click on the stem.jar to launch the STEM program.
Running STEM
1. In section 1 (Expression Data Info) of the the main STEM interface window, click on the Browse... button to navigate to and select your file.
  - Click on the radio button No normalization/add 0.
  - Check the box next to Spot IDs included in the data file.
2. In section 2 (Gene Info) of the main STEM interface window, select Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SGD), from the drop-down menu for Gene Annotation Source. Select No cross references, from the Cross Reference Source drop-down menu. Select No Gene Locations from the Gene Location Source drop-down menu.
3. In section 3 (Options) of the main STEM interface window, make sure that the Clustering Method says "STEM Clustering Method" and do not change the defaults for Maximum Number of Model Profiles or Maximum Unit Change in Model Profiles between Time Points.
4. In section 4 (Execute) click on the yellow Execute button to run STEM.
Viewing and Saving STEM Results
1. A new window will open called "All STEM Profiles (1)". Each box corresponds to a model expression profile. Colored profiles have a statistically significant number of genes assigned; they are arranged in order from most to least significant p value. Profiles with the same color belong to the same cluster of profiles. The number in each box is simply an ID number for the profile.
  - Click on the button that says "Interface Options...". At the bottom of the Interface Options window that appears below where it says "X-axis scale should be:", click on the radio button that says "Based on real time". Then close the Interface Options window.
  - Take a screenshot of this window (on a PC, simultaneously press the Alt and PrintScreen buttons to save the view in the active window to the clipboard) and paste it into a PowerPoint presentation to save your figures.
2. Click on each of the SIGNIFICANT profiles (the colored ones) to open a window showing a more detailed plot containing all of the genes in that profile.
  - Take a screenshot of each of the individual profile windows and save the images in your PowerPoint presentation.
  - At the bottom of each profile window, there are two yellow buttons "Profile Gene Table" and "Profile GO Table". For each of the profiles, click on the "Profile Gene Table" button to see the list of genes belonging to the profile. In the window that appears, click on the "Save Table" button and save the file to your desktop. Make your filename descriptive of the contents, e.g. "wt_profile#_genelist.txt", where you replace the number symbol with the actual profile number.
    - Zipped files uploaded LionShare with e-mail a link to Dr. Dahlquist.
  - For each of the significant profiles, click on the "Profile GO Table" to see the list of Gene Ontology terms belonging to the profile. In the window that appears, click on the "Save Table" button and save the file to your desktop. Make your filename descriptive of the contents, e.g. "dHAP4_profile#_GOlist.txt", where you replace the number symbol with the actual profile number. At this point you have saved all of the primary data from the STEM software and it's time to interpret the results!
    - Zipped files uploaded to LionShare with e-mail a link to Dr. Dahlquist.

May 20, 2015

Step 9: GenMAPP & MAPPFinder

Preparing the Input File for GenMAPP

Make a new workbook (the large Master workbook is probably getting to large) and name it dHAP4_GenMAPP.
Go back to the "ANOVA" worksheet for your strain and Select All and Copy.
Go to your new sheet and click on cell A1 and select Paste Special, click on the Values radio button, and click OK.
- Delete the columns containing the "ss" calculations, just retaining the individual log fold change data, the average log fold change data, and the p values. For the Bonferroni and B&H p values, just keep the one column where we replaced all values > 1 with 1.
Now go to your "_ttest" worksheet. Copy just the columns containing the P values for the individual timepoints and Paste special > Paste values into your GenMAPP worksheet to the right of the previous data. For the Bonferroni and B&H p values, just keep one column where we replaced all values > 1 with 1.
It will be useful if we arrange the columns in a slightly different order: all individual log fold change data, then the ANOVA p values, then the AvgLogFC and p values for the individual timepoints clustered together (e.g., all t15 data together).
Go to the Excel file that was produced by MATLAB with the between-strain ANOVA results.
- Copy and paste Column S (p value) and Column V into the next columns to the right of your GenMAPP worksheet. Rename the columns "wt_v_dHAP4_Pval" and "wt_v_dHAP4_B-H-Pval".
Select all of the columns containing Fold Changes. Select the menu item Format > Cells. Under the number tab, select 2 decimal places. Click OK.
Select all of the columns containing T statistics or P values. Select the menu item Format > Cells. Under the number tab, select 4 decimal places. Click OK.
We will now format this file for use with GenMAPP.
- Currently, the "MasterIndex" column is the first column in the worksheet. We need the "ID" column to be the first column. Select Column B and Cut. Right-click on Cell A1 and select "Insert cut cells". This will reverse the position of the columns.
- Insert a new empty column in Column B. Type "SystemCode" in the first cell and "D" in the second cell of this column. Use our trick to fill this entire column with "D".
- Reading left to right, the columns should be ID, System Code, Master Index, individual LogFC data, within strain ANOVA p-values (uncorrected, Bonferroni, B-H), then t tests for individual time points (e.g. AvgLogFC t15, pval t15, Bonferroni t15, B-H t15, then the same set for t30.... etc.). Finally, the two columns containing data from the MATLAB output of the two strain ANOVA
- Make sure to save this work as your .xlsx file. Now save this worksheet as a tab-delimited text file for use with GenMAPP in the next section.

Running GenMAPP

Each time you launch GenMAPP, you need to make sure that the correct Gene Database (.gdb) is loaded.

Look in the lower left-hand corner of the window to see which Gene Database has been selected.
If you need to change the Gene Database, select Data > Choose Gene Database. Navigate to the directory C:\GenMAPP 2 Data\Gene Databases and choose the correct one for your species.
For the exercise today, if the yeast Gene Database is not present on your computer, you will need to download it. Click this link to download the yeast Gene Database.
Unzip the file and save it, Sc-Std_20060526.gdb, to the folder C:\GenMAPP 2 Data\Gene Databases.

GenMAPP Expression Dataset Manager Procedure

Launch the GenMAPP Program. Check to make sure the correct Gene Database is loaded.
Select the Data menu from the main Drafting Board window and choose Expression Dataset Manager from the drop-down list. The Expression Dataset Manager window will open.
Select New Dataset from the Expression Datasets menu. Select the tab-delimited text file that you formatted for GenMAPP (.txt) in the procedure above from the file dialog box that appears.
The Data Type Specification window will appear. GenMAPP is expecting that you are providing numerical data. If any of your columns has text (character) data, check the box next to the field (column) name.
- The column StandardName has text data in it, but none of the rest do.
Allow the Expression Dataset Manager to convert your data.
- This may take a few minutes depending on the size of the dataset and the computer’s memory and processor speed. When the process is complete, the converted dataset will be active in the Expression Dataset Manager window and the file will be saved in the same folder the raw data file was in, named the same except with a .gex extension; for example, MyExperiment.gex.
- A message may appear saying that the Expression Dataset Manager could not convert one or more lines of data. Lines that generate an error during the conversion of a raw data file are not added to the Expression Dataset. Instead, an exception file is created. The exception file is given the same name as your raw data file with .EX before the extension (e.g., MyExperiment.EX.txt). The exception file will contain all of your raw data, with the addition of a column named ~Error~. This column contains either error messages or, if the program finds no errors, a single space character.
  - Note: 97 errors found - database from 2006, these errors are just unrecognized gene ID's
Customize the new Expression Dataset by creating new Color Sets which contain the instructions to GenMAPP for displaying data on MAPPs.
- Color Sets contain the instructions to GenMAPP for displaying data from an Expression Dataset on MAPPs. Create a Color Set by filling in the following different fields in the Color Set area of the Expression Dataset Manager: a name for the Color Set, the gene value, and the criteria that determine how a gene object is colored on the MAPP. Enter a name in the Color Set Name field that is 20 characters or fewer. You will have one Color Set per strain per time point (name them t15, t30...)
- The Gene Value is the data displayed next to the gene box on a MAPP. Select the column of data to be used as the Gene Value from the drop down list. We will use "Avg_LogFC_" for the the appropriate time point.
- Activate the Criteria Builder by clicking the New button.
- Enter a name for the criterion in the Label in Legend field (Increased or Decreased).
- Choose a color for the criterion by left-clicking on the Color box (Pink for Increased and cyan for Decreased).
- State the criterion for color-coding a gene in the Criterion field.
  - A criterion is stated with relationships such as "this column greater than this value" or "that column less than or equal to that value". Individual relationships can be combined using as many ANDs and ORs as needed. A typical relationship is

[ColumnName] RelationalOperator Value

with the column name always enclosed in brackets and character values enclosed in single quotes. For example:

[Fold Change] >= 2
[p value] < 0.05
[Quality] = 'high'

This is the equivalent to queries that you performed on the command line when working with the PostgreSQL movie database. GenMAPP is using a graphical user interface (GUI) to help the user format the queries correctly. The easiest and safest way to create criteria is by choosing items from the Columns and Ops (operators) lists shown in the Criteria Builder. The Columns list contains all of the column headings from your Expression Dataset. To choose a column from the list, click on the column heading. It will appear at the location of the cursor in the Criterion box. The Criteria Builder surrounds the column names with brackets.

The Ops (operators) list contains the relational operators that may be used in the criteria: equals ( = ) greater than ( > ), less than ( < ), greater than or equal to ( >= ), less than or equal to ( <= ), is not equal to ( <> ). To choose an operator from the list, click on the symbol. It will appear at the location of the insertion bar (cursor) in the Criterion box. The Criteria Builder automatically surrounds the operators with spaces. The Ops list also contains the conjunctions AND and OR, which may be used to make compound criteria. For example:

[Fold Change] > 1.2 AND [p value] <= 0.05

Parentheses control the order of evaluation. Anything in parentheses is evaluated first. Parentheses may be nested. For example:

[Control Average] = 100 AND ([Exp1 Average] > 100 OR [Exp2 Average] > 100)

Column names may be used anywhere a value can, for example:

[Control Average] < [Experiment Average]

After completing a new criterion, add the criterion entry (label, criterion, and color) to the Criteria List by clicking the Add button.
- For the yeast dataset, you will create two criterion for each Color Set. "Increased" will be [dHAP4_Avg_LogFC_<timepoint>] > 0.25 AND [dHAP4_Pval_<timepoint>] < 0.05 and "Decreased will be [dHAP4_Avg_LogFC_<timepoint>] < -0.25 AND [dHAP4_Pval_<timepoint>] < 0.05. Make sure that the increased and decreased average log fold change values match the timepoint of the Color Set.
- You may continue to add criteria to the Color Set by using the previous steps.
  - The buttons to the right of the list represent actions that can be performed on individual criteria. To modify a criterion label, color, or the criterion itself, first select the criterion in the list by left-clicking on it, and then click the Edit button. This puts the selected criterion into the Criteria Builder to be modified. Click the Save button to save changes to the modified criterion; click the Add button to add it to the list as a separate criterion. To remove a criterion from the list, left-click on the criterion to select it, and then click on the Delete button. The order of Criteria in the list has significance to GenMAPP. When applying an Expression Dataset and Color Set to a MAPP, GenMAPP examines the expression data for a particular gene object and applies the color for the first criterion in the list that is true. Therefore, it is imperative that when criteria overlap the user put the most important or least inclusive criteria in the list first. To change the order of the criteria in the list, left-click on the criterion to select it and then click the Move Up or Move Down buttons. No criteria met and Not found are always the last two positions in the list.
You will also create a ColorSets to view the within-strain ANOVA p values for your strain, with criteria for viewing the unadjusted (yellow), Bonferroni-corrected (red), and B&H (orange) corrected p values.
Finally, you will create a ColorSet to view the between-strain ANOVA p values for your wt v. dHAP4 comparison (orange for B-H corrected pval and yellow for unadjusted pval).
Save the entire Expression Dataset by selecting Save from the Expression Dataset menu. Changes made to a Color Set are not saved until you do this.
Exit the Expression Dataset Manager to view the Color Sets on a MAPP. Choose Exit from the Expression Dataset menu or click the close box in the upper right hand corner of the window.
Upload your .gex file to Lionshare and share it with Dr. Dahlquist. E-mail the link to the file to Dr. Dahlquist.
Click here to download a zipped set of MAPPs with which to view your Expression Dataset.

Data Exploration

The purpose of this section is to explore which transcription factors have interesting or significant expression patterns. We will attempt to decide (1) which strain (of dINO2, dOPI1, or dYAP1) to perform microarray hybridization and (2) which strains (of dARG80, dRSF2, dRTG3, dTBF1, dYHP1, dYOX1, dPHD1, dNRG1) to test for growth impairment in cold.

Recall that the expression and ANOVA significance are specific for the dHAP4 strain.

Potential strains for microarray tests (cold shock RNA for these three strains are currently in our possession)
- dINO2
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Increased expression at t30 and t60
  - Conclusion: most interesting pattern according to dHAP4 data
- dOPI1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted p-value significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Increased expression at t60
  - Conclusion:some change, not as interesting as dINO2
- dYAP1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted p-value significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - No significant changes in expression
  - Conclusion: least interesting
Potential strains for growth impairment testing (i.e. early exploration phase):
- ARG80
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - No significant change in expression
  - Conclusion: not interesting, do not explore first
- dRSF2
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Decreased expression at t15 and t30
  - Conclusion: very interesting, potentially explore
- dRTG3
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted significance
  - No significant change in expression
  - Conclusion: not interesting, do not explore first
- dTBF1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - No significant change in expression
  - Conclusion: not interesting, do not explore first
- dYHP1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Decreased at t15, increased at t60 and t120
  - Conclusion: interesting, potentially explore
- dYOX1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: no significance
  - Decreased at t15
  - Conclusion: sort of interesting
- dPHD1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted significance
  - Increased at t30 and t60
  - Conclusion: sort of interesting
- dNRG1
  - Within-Strain ANOVA: B-H significance
  - Between-Strain ANOVA: unadjusted significance
  - Decreased at t15 and t30
  - Conclusion: interesting, potentially explore

"Voting" using p-value significance for the dHAP4 strain was added to the SURP 2015 schedule page. The purpose of this system is to compile data from all the strains and make an informed decision on which deletion strains to test in the future.

Step 10: YEASTRACT

Using YEASTRACT to Infer which Transcription Factors Regulate a Cluster of Genes

In the previous analysis using STEM, we found a number of gene expression profiles (aka clusters) which grouped genes based on similarity of gene expression changes over time. The implication is that these genes share the same expression pattern because they are regulated by the same (or the same set) of transcription factors. We will explore this using the YEASTRACT database.

Open the gene list in Excel for the one of the significant profiles from your stem analysis. Choose a cluster with a clear cold shock/recovery up/down or down/up pattern. You should also choose one of the largest clusters.
- Copy the list of gene IDs onto your clipboard.
Launch a web browser and go to the YEASTRACT database.
- On the left panel of the window, click on the link to Rank by TF.
- Paste your list of genes from your cluster into the box labeled ORFs/Genes.
  - In addition, paste lists of genes with p-values less than 0.05 (and 0.01) from the within-strain ANOVA test (in the giant spreadsheet) and the between-strain ANOVA (from the MATLAB output sheet)
- Check the box for Check for all TFs.
- Accept the defaults for the Regulations Filter (Documented, DNA binding plus expression evidence)
- Do not apply a filter for "Filter Documented Regulations by environmental condition".
- Rank genes by TF using: The % of genes in the list and in YEASTRACT regulated by each TF.
- Click the Search button.
Answer the following questions:
- In the results window that appears, the p values colored green are considered "significant", the ones colored yellow are considered "borderline significant" and the ones colored pink are considered "not significant". How many transcription factors are green or "significant"?
  - Profile 45: 25
  - Profile 9: 20
  - Profile 48: 7
  - Profile 22: 57
  - Profile 40: 0
  - Profile 16: 10
  - between-strain ANOVA p<0.05: 63
  - between-strain ANOVA p<0.01: 26
  - within-strain ANOVA p<0.05: 103
  - within-strain ANOVA p<0.01: 70

- List the "significant" transcription factors on your wiki page, along with the corresponding "% in user set", "% in YEASTRACT", and "p value".
- These lists can be found on this document :
  - Are CIN5, GLN3, HAP4, HMO1, SWI4, and ZAP1 on the list?
  - Media:DHAP4 YEASTRACT profiles.xlsx
For the mathematical model that we will build, we need to define a gene regulatory network of transcription factors that regulate other transcription factors. We can use YEASTRACT to assist us with creating the network. We want to generate a network with approximately 15-30 transcription factors in it.
- You need to select from this list of "significant" transcription factors, which ones you will use to run the model. You will use these transcription factors and add CIN5, GLN3, HAP4, HMO1, SWI4, and ZAP1 if they are not in your list. Explain in your electronic notebook how you decided on which transcription factors to include. Record the list and your justification in your electronic lab notebook.
- Go back to the YEASTRACT database and follow the link to Generate Regulation Matrix.
- Copy and paste the list of transcription factors you identified (plus CIN5, HAP4, GLN3, HMO1, SWI4, and ZAP1) into both the "Transcription factors" field and the "Target ORF/Genes" field.
- We are going to generate several regulation matrices, with different "Regulations Filter" options.
  - For the first one, accept the defaults: "Documented", "DNA binding plus expression evidence"
  - Click the "Generate" button.
  - In the results window that appears, click on the link to the "Regulation matrix (Semicolon Separated Values (CSV) file)" that appears and save it to your Desktop. Rename this file with a meaningful name so that you can distinguish it from the other files you will generate.
  - Repeat these steps to generate a second regulation matrix, this time applying the Regulations Filter "Documented", "Only DNA binding evidence".
  - Repeat these steps a third time to generate a third regulation matrix, this time applying the Regulations Filter "Documented", DNA binding and expression evidence".
  - Note: we will really only use "DNA binding evidence only" for a medium-connected network
- Profile chosen to continue to step 11: Profile 16 for DNA plus Binding evidence: 15 genes with 46 edges
  - Genes in data matrix must be alphabetized. Sort column alphabetically, transpose into a new sheet, sort the column there, then transpose back into the original sheet and delete the "Sheet 1" in which you transposed

Visualizing Your Gene Regulatory Networks with GRNsight

We will analyze the regulatory matrix files you generated above in Microsoft Excel and visualize them using GRNsight to determine which one will be appropriate to pursue further in the modeling.

First we need to properly format the output files from YEASTRACT. You will repeat these steps for each of the three files you generated above.
- Open the file in Excel. It will not open properly in Excel because a semicolon was used as the column delimiter instead of a comma. To fix this, Select the entire Column A. Then go to the "Data" tab and select "Text to columns". In the Wizard that appears, select "Delimited" and click "Next". In the next window, select "Semicolon", and click "Next". In the next window, leave the data format at "General", and click "Finish". This should now look like a table with the names of the transcription factors across the top and down the first column and all of the zeros and ones distributed throughout the rows and columns. This is called an "adjacency matrix." If there is a "1" in the cell, that means there is a connection between the trancription factor in that row with that column.
- Save this file in Microsoft Excel workbook format (.xlsx).
- Check to see that all of the transcription factors in the matrix are connected to at least one of the other transcription factors by making sure that there is at least one "1" in a row or column for that transcription factor. If a factor is not connected to any other factor, delete its row and column from the matrix. Make sure that you still have somewhere between 15 and 30 transcription factors in your network after this pruning.
  - Only delete the transcription factor if there are all zeros in its column AND all zeros in its row. You may find visualizing the matrix in GRNsight (below) can help you find these easily.
- For this adjacency matrix to be usable in GRNmap (the modeling software) and GRNsight (the visualization software), we need to transpose the matrix. Insert a new worksheet into your Excel file and name it "network". Go back to the previous sheet and select the entire matrix and copy it. Go to you new worksheet and click on the A1 cell in the upper left. Select "Paste special" from the "Home" tab. In the window that appears, check the box for "Transpose". This will paste your data with the columns transposed to rows and vice versa. This is necessary because we want the transcription factors that are the "regulatORS" across the top and the "regulatEES" along the side.
- The labels for the genes in the columns and rows need to match. Thus, delete the "p" from each of the gene names in the columns. Adjust the case of the labels to make them all upper case.
- In cell A1, copy and paste the text "rows genes affected/cols genes controlling".
Now we will visualize what these gene regulatory networks look like with the GRNsight software.
- Go to the GRNsight home page (you can either use the version on the home page or the beta version.
- Select the menu item File > Open and select one of the regulation matrix .xlsx file that has the "network" worksheet in it that you formatted above. If the file has been formatted properly, GRNsight should automatically create a graph of your network. Move the nodes (genes) around until you get a layout that you like and take a screenshot of the results. Paste it into your PowerPoint presentation. Repeat with the other two regulation matrix files. You will want to arrange the genes in the same order for each screenshot so that the graphs can be easily compared.

May 26, 2015

Step 11: GRNmap

Create the Input Excel Workbook for the Model

Your file will be similar to the file "21-genes_50-edges_Dahlquist-data_Sigmoid_estimation.xls", but with your expression data and network. You should download this file, change the name, and edit it to include your data. Make sure to give it a meaningful filename that includes your last name or initials. Click this link to download the sample file from the GRNmap GitHub repository.)
The first thing you need to do is determine the transcription factors that you are including in your network. You are going to use the "transposed" Regulation Matrix that you generated from YEASTRACT in the previous section.
- Copy the transposed matrix from your "network" sheet and paste it into the worksheets called "network" and "network_weights".
- Note that the transcription factor names have to be in the same order and same format across the top row and first column. CIN5 does not match Cin5p, so the latter will need to be changed to CIN5 if you have not already done so.
- It may be easier for you if you put the transcription factors in alphabetical order (using the sort feature in Excel), but whether you leave your list the same as it is from the YEASTRACT assignment or in alphabetical order, make sure it is the same order for all of the worksheets.
The next worksheet to edit is the one called "degradation_rates".
- Paste your list of transcription factors from your "network" sheet into the column named "StandardName". You will need to look up the "SystematicName" of your genes. YEASTRACT has a feature that will allow you to paste your list of standard names in to retrieve the systematic names here.
- Next, you will need to look up the degradation rates for your list of transcription factors. These rates have been calculated from protein half-life data from a paper by Belle et al. (2006). Look up the rates for your transcription factors from this file and include them in your "degradation_rates" worksheet.
- If a transcription factor does not appear in the file above, use the value "0.027182242" for the degradation rate.
The next worksheet to edit is the one called "production_rates".
- Paste the "SystematicName" and "StandardName" columns from your "degradation_rates" sheet into the "production_rates" sheet.
- The initial guesses for the production rates we are using for the model are two times the degradation rate. Compute these values from your degradation rates and paste the values into the column titled "ProductionRate".
Next you will input the expression data for the wild type strain and one other strain (dHAP4). You need to include only the data for the genes in your network (15 genes), in the same order as they appear in the other worksheets.
- Put the wild type data in the sheet called "wt".
- The sample spreadsheet has a worksheet named "dcin5". Change this name to match the strain you are using (dHAP4). The instructions below should be followed for each strain sheet.
- Paste the SystematicName and StandardName columns from one of your previous sheets into this one.
- This data in this sheet is the Log Fold Changes for each replicate and each timepoint from the "Rounded_Normalized_Data" worksheet from the big Excel workbook in which you computed the statistics. We are only going to use the cold shock timepoints for the modeling. Thus your column headings for the data should be "15", "30", and "60". There will be multiple columns for each timepoint (typically 4) to represent the replicate data, but they will all have the same name. For example, you may have four columns with the header "15".
- Copy and paste the data from your spreadsheet into this one. You need to include only the data for the genes in your network. Make sure that the genes are in the same order as in the other sheets.
- Delete unnecessary sheets (dhmo1, dzap1, etc)
The "optimization_parameters" worksheet should have the following values:
- alpha should be 0.01
- kk_max should be 1
- MaxIter should be 1e08 (one hundred million in plain English)
- TolFun should be 1e-6
- MaxFunEval should be 1e08 (one hundred million in plain English)
- TolX should be 1e-6
- Sigmoid should be 1
- estimateParams should be 1
- makeGraphs should be 1
- fix_P should be 0
- fix_b should be 1
- For the parameter "time" (Cell A13), we should have "15", "30", and "60", since these are the timepoints we have in our data.
- For the parameter "Strain" (Cell A14), replace "dcin5" with the name of the second strain you are using, making sure that the capitalizaiton and spelling is the same as what you named the worksheet containing that strain's expression data. We are only going to compare two strains, so you can delete the other strain information.
- For the parameter "Sheet" (Cell A15), give the number of the worksheet from left to right that your "Strain" log2 expression data is in. Wt is 3 and dhap4 is 4. Delete any extra numbers because we are only comparing two strains.
For the parameter "Deletion", leave the zero in cell B15 (corresponding to wt). In cell C15, put a number corresponding to the position in the list of gene names that the gene that was deleted appears. (hap4 is number 5)
- For the parameter, "simtime", you perform the forward simulation of the expression in five minute increments from 0 to 60 minutes. Thus, this row should read: simtime should be 0, 5, <...fill by steps of 5...>, 60, each number in a different cell.
The last sheet you will need to modify is called "network_b".
- Paste in the list of standard names for your transcription factors from one of your previous sheets. Note that this sheet does not have a column for the Systematic Name.
- Cell A1 in the sample files has the text "rows genes affected/cols genes controlling". I believe you can either have this text in cell A1 or "StandardName".
- The "threshold" value for each gene should be "0".
When you have completed the modifications to your file, upload it to LionShare and send Dr. Dahlquist an e-mail with a link to the file.

Appendix: Full explanation of the "optimization_parameters" sheet

alpha: Penalty term weighting (from an L-curve analysis)
kk_max: Number of times to re-run the optimization loop: in some cases re-starting the optimization loop can improve performance of the estimation.
MaxIter: Number of times MATLAB iterates through the optimization scheme. If this is set too low, MATLAB will stop before the parameters are optimized.
TolFun: How different two least squares evaluations should be before it says it's not making any improvement
MaxFunEval: maximum number of times it will evaluate the least squares cost
TolX: How close successive least squares cost evaluations should be before MATLAB determines that it is not making any improvement.
Sigmoid: =1 if sigmoidal model, =0 if Michaelis-Menten model
estimateParams: =1 if want to estimate parameters and =0 if the user wants to do just one forward run
makeGraphs: =1 to output graphs; =0 to not output graphs
fix_P: =1 if the user does not want to estimate the production rate, P, parameter, use initial guess and never change; =0 to estimate
fix_b: =1 if the user does not want to estimate the b parameter, use initial guess and never change; =0 to estimate
time: A row containing a list of the time points when the data was collected experimentally. Should correspond to the timepoint column headers in the expression sheets.
Strain: A row containing a list of all of the strains for which there is expression data in the workbook. Should correspond to the names of the sheets for each strain.
Sheet: A row where each entry is the order number of the sheet (left to right) that corresponds to the list of strains above.
Deletion: Gives the index of the gene in the network sheet that has been deleted in each strain listed above. For example, if data has been provided for the CIN5 deletion strain, then give the index number from the network sheet corresponding to CIN5.
simtime: A list of times for which the forward simulation should be evaluated.

Running GRNmap

You will now finally run the GRNmap model on the input workbook you created above. You will run the optimization twice; once where the threshold parameters, b, are not estimated and once where the threshold parameters 'are estimated. You will compare the estimated weight and production rate parameters outputted by these two runs with each other.

Download the current version of GRNmap from GitHub. Version 1.0.6 can be downloaded by following this link.
- For the sake of organization, save it into a new folder called "GRNmap" either on your Desktop or within your "Microarray Analysis" folder.
- Unzip the file by right-clicking on it and choosing 7-zip > Extract here.
Open the "GRNmap-1.0.6" folder and open the "matlab" subfolder. Double-click on the file "GRNmodel.m" to open GRNmap in MATLAB 2014b.
Click on the green triangle "Run" button to run the model.
- You will be prompted by an Open dialog to find your input file that you created in the previous section. Browse and select this input file and click OK.
- Note that the Open dialog will default to show files of *.xlsx only. If your file is saved as *.xls, you will need to select the drop-down menu to show all files.
- A window called "Figure 1" will appear. The counter is showing the number of iterations of the least squares optimization algorithm. The top plot is showing the values of all the parameters being estimated. You should see some movement of the diamonds each time the counter iterates.
Once the model has completed its run, plots showing the expression over time for all of the genes in the network will appear. Since we selected "makeGraphs = 1" these will automatically be saved as *.jpg files in the same folder as your input file. Compile the figures into a single PowerPoint file. Please label things clearly, placing an appropriate number of graphs on each page for a readable visual. Take some care to make sure that the graphs are the same size and the aspect ratio has not been changed.
- Note: GRNmap run, but jpeg files not saved automatically. Checked file, save graphs setting was "1" as desired. Run repeated.
  - Same problem encountered on the same computer
  - Dr. Dahlquist ran same input file on her computer, and images were saved correctly.
  - Files obtained on another computer.
  - Problem: GRNmap files cannot be saved in a folder named with space characters! Images were able to be saved on another computer because the folder was named without space characters
Create a new workbook for analyzing the weight data. In this workbook, create a new sheet: call it estimated_weights. In this new worksheet, create a column of labels of the form ControllerGeneA -> TargetGeneB, replacing these generic names with the standard gene names for each regulatory pair in your network. Remember that columns represent Controllers and rows represent Targets in your network and network_weights sheets.
Extract the non-zero optimized weights from their worksheet and put them in a single column next to the corresponding ControllerGeneA -> TargetGeneB label.
- There should be 46 items (corresponding to 46 edges)
Now we will run the model a second time, this time estimating the threshold parameters, b. Save the input workbook that you previously created as a new file with a meaningful name (e.g. append "estimate-b" to the previous filename), and change fix_b to 0 in the "optimization_parameters" worksheet, so that the thresholds will be estimated. Rerun GRNmodel with the new input sheet.
Repeat Parts (4) through (6) with the new output.
Create an empty excel workbook, and copy both sets of weights into a worksheet.
Create a bar chart in order to compare the "fixed b" and "estimated b" weights.
Create bar charts to compare the production rates from each run.
Copy the two bar charts into your powerpoint.
Visualize the output of each of your model runs with GRNsight.
- In order for this to work, you need to alter your output workbook slightly. You need to change the name of the sheet called "out_network_optimized_weights" to "network_optimized_weights"; i.e., delete the "out_" from that sheet name.
- Arrange the genes in the same order you used to display them previously when you visualized the networks from YEASTRACT for both of your model output runs. Take a screenshot of each of the results and paste it into your PowerPoint presentation. Clearly label which screenshot belongs to which run.
- Note that GRNsight will display differently now that you have estimated the weights. For positive weights > 0, the edge will be given a regular (pointy) arrowhead to indicate an activation relationship between the two nodes. For negative weights < 0, the edge will be given a blunt arrowhead (a line segment perpendicular to the edge direction) to indicate a repression relationship between the two nodes. The thickness of the edge will vary based on the magnitude of the absolute value of the weight. Larger magnitudes will have thicker edges and smaller magnitudes will have thinner edges. The way that GRNsight determines the edge thickness is as follows. GRNsight divides all weight values by the absolute value of the maximum weight in the matrix to normalize all the values to between zero and 1. GRNsight then adjusts the thickness of the lines to vary continuously from the minimum thickness (for normalized weights near zero) to maximum thickness (normalized weights of 1). The color of the edge also imparts information about the regulatory relationship. Edges with positive normalized weight values from 0.05 to 1 are colored magenta; edges with negative normalized weight values from -0.05 to -1 are colored cyan. Edges with normalized weight values between -0.05 and 0.05 are colored grey to emphasize that their normalized magnitude is near zero and that they have a weak influence on the target gene.
Upload your PowerPoint, your two input workbooks, and your two output workbooks and link to them in your individual journal. Also upload the workbook where you made the bar charts comparing the weights from both runs.
- Powerpoint containing images
- Fixed b input sheet
- Fixed b output sheet
- Estimated b input sheet
- Estimated b output sheet
- Workbook comparing weight outputs
- Interpret the results of the model simulation.
  - Examine the graphs that were output by each of the runs. Which genes in the model have the closest fit between the model data and actual data? Which genes have the worst fit between the model and actual data? Why do you think that is? (Hint: how many inputs do these genes have?) How does this help you to interpret the microarray data?
    - Best fits: CIN5, CSE2
    - Poor fits: CBF1, HSF1, HMO1
    - Reasons for fit accuracy seem inconclusive. It might be an issue of precision of microarray data points, but then again that could just be viewer bias. In terms of number of inputs, the "good" and "poor" fits seem to have a relatively even distribution of number inputs, so this is inconclusive as well.
  - Which genes showed the largest dynamics over the timecourse? In other words, which genes had a log fold change that is different than zero at one or more timepoints. The p values from the Week 11 ANOVA analysis are informative here. Does this seem to have an effect on the goodness of fit (see question above)?
    - CIN5, significant BH p-value, good fit
    - HMO1, not a significant BH p-value, not a great fit (data is fairly spread out)
    - HSF1, significant BH p-value, fairly good fit
    - YHP1, significant BH p-value, decent fit, but very dynamic (i.e. more data points needed to tell)
    - YOX1, significant BH p-value, fairly good fit
    - ZAP1, not a significant BH p-value, fairly good fit (data is fairly spread out)
  - Which genes showed differences in dynamics between the wild type and the dHAP4 deletion strain? Does the model adequately capture these differences? Given the connections in your network (see the visualization in GRNsight), does this make sense? Why or why not?
    - CIN5, over-expressed in deletion compared to wt. CIN5 is indirectly connected to HAP4, so it is difficult to see the reason (though possibly through decreased repression from YOX1)
    - HAP4, zero expression as expected
    - HSF1, over-expressed in deletion compared to wt at the later time points. Indirectly connected to HAP4.
    - MGA2, under-expressed in deletion compared to wt. MGA2 is directly activated by HAP4, so it makes sense that deleting HAP4 would cause decreased expression in MGA2.
    - NDT80, under-expressed in deletion compared to wt. NDT80 is directly activated by HAP4, so it makes sense that deleting HAP4 would cause decreased expression in NDT80.
    - SWI4, slightly over-expressed in deletion compared to wt. SWI4 is directly repressed by HAP4, so deleting HAP4 would caused increased expression in SWI4.
    - YHP1, slightly over-expressed in deletion compared to wt. YHP1 is directly activated by HAP4, but there are other influences that could have caused the increased expression. The model fit might also be slightly skewed.
    - YOX1, under-expressed in deletion compared to wt. YOX1 is directly activated by HAP4, so it makes sense that deleting HAP4 would caused decreased expression of YOX1.
    - ZAP1, under-expressed in deletion compared to wt at the later time points. ZAP1 is indirectly connected to HAP4, so relations are inconclusive.
  - Examine the bar charts comparing the weights and production rates between the two runs. Were there any major differences between the two runs? Why do you think that was? Given the connections in your network (see the visualization in GRNsight), does this make sense? Why or why not?
    - The one noticeable trend is that the fixed b tends to give larger magnitude weights on the repression side. This could be because the strongest weights in the network are repressive.
  - Finally, based on the results of your entire project, which transcription factors are most likely to regulate the cold shock response and why?
    - We are on the right track with the deletion strains (HMO1, CIN5, HAP4, SWI4). In addition, HSF1, YOX1, and YHP1 seem to be good candidates.
- Based on these results, what future directions do you want to take?
  - Investigate HSF1, YOX1, and YHP1 further to evaluate their role in the cold shock response