M465:Carbohydrateusage

Community Carbon Source Utilization Profiling:

Carbon Source Utilization

One type of metabolic diversity that we will assess in our investigation is physiological diversity in carbon source utilization.

You have learned in other courses about the importance of carbon fixation by autotrophic photosynthetic plants. The inability to make carbon-carbon bonds and, therefore, to utilize carbon dioxide as a carbon source is problematic for heterotrophic species including humans and all other animals. Fortunately there are bacteria that, like plants, are autotrophic and photosynthetic, although many others are heterotrophic, like us. Unlike us, however, bacteria are extremely diverse in the types of carbon sources they can use metabolically. Bacterial communities both compete and co-operate in utilization of available sources of essential, useable carbon. The health and longevity of the community is dependent on a continuous supply of useable carbon for all its members. Your investigation on community carbon source profiling will attempt to quantify some of that co-operation and competition.

Carbon source patterns using BIOLOG™ Community Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP)

Observing patterns of substrate utilization can provide evidence of functional diversity of a microbial community. Additionally, understanding how metabolic substrates can be used in microbial communities can help us understand the stability of an ecosystem. Carbon sources are crucial anabolic raw materials for heterotrophic microbial growth. Microbes vary enormously in their ability to make use of carbon in different forms. Using direct inoculation of community samples into a variety of carbon substrates will allow us to study and measure potential community carbon source utilization and provide us with evidence for our hypothesis that community diversity allows co-operative as well as competitive interactions.

In community level physiological profiling (CLPP) the metabolic properties of individual bacteria in the community contribute to the total metabolic capacity of the community. Mixed environmental samples are inoculated directly into the single carbon source wells of microtiter plates followed by spectrometric quantification of growth. If one or more microbes in the community can use a particular carbon substrate, the metabolism of that carbon source is accompanied by a capture of electrons from water-soluble colorless Tetrazolium salts (WTS) to become reduced purple formazans. WST-1 and in particular WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTT), are reduced outside of the cells. They combine with an electron mediator (phenazine methosulfate (PMS)), to yield a water-soluble purple product called formazan that can be measured spectrophotometrically at 590nm. The color development is additive and directly proportional to the metabolism of each carbon source so the development of forazan can be followed over time. The intensity of purple color as a pattern in the wells is used to determine a characteristic reaction patern classed a metabolic footrpint. We will use the patterns to determind average metabolic response (AMR) and community metabolic diversity (CMD). For these measurements to be meaningful, it is important to control for number of microbes, incubation time, and other microenvironmental factors as well as the requirement for saturating substrate and indicator concentrations.

Scheme showing the reduction of MTT to formazan. Image created by Jenpen 21 September 2006 Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mttscheme.png . Public domain use per Wikipedia Commons.

Colorless (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) is reduced to purple formazan

The BIOLOG-ECO™ 96 well plates we will use contain 3 replicates of 31 carbon sources and three water control wells. The method for community carbon source profiling that we are using is simple and rapid, but its interpretation must be carefully evaluated, recognizing that the methodology is imperfect. The following studies discuss issues and limitations of CLPP (community level physiological profiles) analysis.
These or similar references are provided in the lab Sakai site as .pdf files.

References and Resources: Biolog Carbon Source

• Garland, J.L., Mills, A.L. (1991) Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level-sole-carbon-source-utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 57, 2351–2359.

• Garland, J.L. (1997) Analysis and interpretation of community-level physiological profiles in microbialecology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 24, 289–300.

• Preston-Mafham, J., Boddy, l., Randerson, P.F. (2002) Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole carbon source utilization profiles-a critique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 42, 1-14.

BIOLOG Redox Dye Mix Brochure JUL07. http://www.biolog.com/mID_product.shtml.

PROTOCOL:
Carbon source patterns using BIOLOG™ Community Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP)

Materials:

• 10mM phosphate buffer (sterile, pH 7)
• P200 and P1000 micropipets with sterile tips
• Multichannel pipet (set to deliver 100 µl) and sterile tips
• BIOLOG EcoPlate™
• sterile plastic multichannel reservoir

Notes:

• Wear gloves throughout the entire protocol
• Do not cross contaminate your samples or the solutions
• Keep your work area clean: freshly disinfect your bench top before beginning
• Do not use a vortex at any point in this protocol unless it is specified that you should do so.

1. Use sterile serological pipets to make 12 mls of a 10^-4 dilution (equivalent to 10⁶cfu/ml). You will accomplish this by pipetting 10.8 mL of 10mM phosphate buffer into a large sterile tube and adding 1.2 mL from a 10^-3 habitat extract serial dilution tube. (Note: You need 12 ml of diluted sample extract to inoculate all the wells of a BIOLOG™ECO plate (10 ml for the plate and 2 ml extra.) Our goal is to end up with 10⁵ microbes in each well (in a 100μL volume).

2. Be careful to preserve the BIOLOG Eco™ plate's and its cover's sterility (eg. don't place it face down on your bench). Visually check the consistency of the amount of diluted extract in the micropipet tips after you have drawn up your aliquots to determine that you have no bubbles and that the quantity to be dispensed is the same. If the pipet tips appear unevenly filled or you have bubbles, do not dispense the inoculum into the wells! Start over. If you are unfamiliar with the use of multichannel pipets, ask your instructor to observe your technique.

3. Replace the cover of the plate and label along one long side of the cover. DO NOT LABEL ON the top or bottom to avoid interference in the light passage during spectrophotometric readings. Use a piece of your team color tape and include your initials, date, and any relevant sample code.

4. Take a time 0 reading at A_590nm using the Spectramax340PC³⁸⁴ plate reader as described in the next section of these instructions.

5. After each reading, place your covered plate in a plastic container and incubate it at 37C in the location assigned for your lab section. Your instructors will ensure that they are kept humid to prevent dehydration

MEASURING MICROBIAL CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION AS A_590nm The intensity of color change is monitored in each of the wells by taking spectrophotometer readings once a day at A_590nm. You and your partners should figure out a schedule to divide up the work of collecting these data until a peak absorbance is reached on more than 2 consecutive readings, this will likely require daily readings for 10-12 days. You must not miss more than 1 consecutive day. Make sure that you take a photo of your plate against a white background on the final day of measurement.

Time 0: Use the SpectraMax 340PC ³⁸⁴ spectrophotometer (with a microplate reader) found in the Microbiology lab. You will measure absorbance as A₅₉₀nm. Follow the directions for setting up the instrument and software and for exporting the data to Excel spreadsheets.

Using the SpectraMax 340PC³⁸⁴ Microplate Spectrophotometer and SoftMax Pro version 4.0™ software

Spectramax 340PC :

Molecular Devices Spectramax 340PC instructions


Turn on the Spectramax 340PC spectrophotometer using the switch located next to the plug in the back on the right hand side (as you face the spec). The drawer will open. The drawer may, or may not, close on its own. If it doesn't, close it by pressing, once, the DRAWER button found on the Spectramax control panel (pictured in purple on the instrument photo below). It is important to keep the drawer closed as much as possible to prevent dust from entering the spectrophotometer. The machine will automatically start a required calibration. Allow up to 10 minutes for the Spectamax340PC to warm up after the calibration and BEFORE you attempt to insert your plate.


The computer should be on. (If not, turn it on using the on/off switch on the processor on the floor).

After the spectrophotometer finishes its start-up calibration, the drawer will open. If it doesn’t close on its own, close it by pushing ONCE the “drawer” button on the face of the spectrophotometer.

When the warm up period is over, double click on the SOFTmaxPRO4.0 shortcut on the desktop of the computer. An “untitled” document will open on the computer screen called Default Tutorial 1.

The draw may open again, or you can open it manually by pushing the DRAWER button ONCE. (Drawer button is found on the Spectramax control panel--as pictured in purple on the instrument photo above.)

Position your 96 well plate into the tray drawer so that it fits securely in the holder and the well A1 is to the top left. Close it using the DRAWER button .


Double Click the setup button located beside Experiment 1:
Plate #1 . set up A new window will open called Instrument Settings. The icon ENDPOINT will be active.


Set the correct wavelength (590nm for our Biolog®: carbon source plates). Click OK

You will see a table representing a 96 well plate under EXPERIMENT #1. The spec is ready to read all the wells in a 96 well plate.

In the upper toolbar menu at the top of the screen click READ.

Troubleshooting: If the READ button is gray and won’t let you start the read, check for a red X over the PORT SERIES icon to the left of the READ button. It indicates NO PORT SELECTED. If so, click on this icon and select series port: COM 2 from the drop down menu. Click OK. (The drawer may open and you will need to close it).

You will hear the spectrophotometer slit lamp passing over the plate to "read" it, meaning that it is measuring absorbance at the nm wavelength best for detecting purple colored pigments (590nm). The purple color formation is a function of the total redox reactions that occurred in the well as the microbes use each carbon source metabolicaly and change the colorless form of the dye, 5-cyano-2,3,-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), to a purple- colored product.

The drawer will open when the readings are completed. Remove your plate and CLOSE the drawer using the DRAWER button on the face of the spectrophotometer. It is important to keep the drawer closed as much as possible to prevent dust from entering the internal parts of the machine.

A new screen will appear with your recorded data in a 96 well template.

As a safety precaution, immediately export these data on the computer desktop. Use File: Import/Export: Export . Be sure to label the file with your sample code.

Now save the data in EXCEL: HIGHLIGHT and COPY all the data in the 96 well template.

Open a new Excel spreadsheet by clicking Start: Programs: Excel

Paste the data from the 96 well template: EDIT: PASTE SPECIAL: TEXT into the Excel spreadsheet. This is a very important step because it aligns the cells properly.

Label the wells in the spreadsheet A-H and 1-12.


Add identifying information to the worksheet title including: Biolog/590nm: Date, Sample ID code: Group color.

Click Save As.

Close the Spectromax software. DON'T SAVE! (You have already saved and exported adequately.)

Because the instrument computer is not networked, you will have to Save the excel spreadsheet to a FLASH DRIVE. If you don't have your own, there should be one in the USB port in the front of the computer processor (found on the floor under and to the left of the spectrophotometer). This one is provided for all M465 students. If the flash drive is missing, look to see if the last user left it connected to the Mac computer on the Instructor’s bench. If it is not there, you will have to send a message to the class through Forums in OnCourse to see if someone took it home by mistake and email your instructor.

If you have a flash drive available, open Excel and use the FILE drop down menu to SAVE AS: (provide an identifying title with your sample code letter and your team color and lab day) and SAVE TO REMOVABLE DISK (E), BISC 209-2011 folder: Lab section (TUES OR WED) folder. Make sure your data is also saved to the instructor's computer hard drive so that you can retrieve it later. If you have your own Flash Drive, use that.

To remove a Flash Drive from a PC: Close the Excel document, you created, and click on the icon with a green arrow in the far right of the toolbar. A new screen will open “Unplug or eject hardware”. Click stop. In the “stop a hardware device” screen, highlight “generic volume device : E”. Click OK. The final screen tells you that it is safe to remove device. Click OK and Remove the Flash Drive from the computer.

Turn off the SPECTROMAX instrument using the on/off switch on the back of the computer.

DO NOT turn off the computer but do close all the open windows.

PRECAUTION: If you haven’t saved your data and another group reads their plate, your data will be overwritten and lost.

Calculating Average Metabolic Response (AMR) and Community Metabolic diversity (CMD)

CALCULATING AMR: Average Metabolic Response over time and between sites and Average Carbon Source Utilization Ccore by the microbial community

Average Metabolic Response(AMR)= Σ(mean A_{590nm of triplicate carbon source tests} - Mean A_{590nm of the three control wells}) and less a threshold absorbance of 0.25 / 31 (the number of carbon sources tested)

The calculation of AMR provides a method to compare total metabolic activity by a community among aerobic or facultative microbes. The AMR is calculated as the average difference between A_590nm values of the three replicates of each C source and the 3 water control wells. The following calculations can be built into an Excel template workbook: Take the average of each of the 3 replicate wells and subtract the average of the control wells from each of the carbon sources. A background absorbance threshold absorbance of 0.25 is substracted also. If you double click on the cells, you can check to see that the formulas and calculations are correct. The final calculation that is already built in is a division by 31 (the number of carbon source wells).

A high score indicates that there were many useable carbon sources for the community, a low score indicates that few of the carbon sources were able to be metabolized well. Calculate AMR for every date read. On the last page of the template workbook, please fill in the AMR table by day and overall average absorbance.

CALCULATING CMD: community metabolic diversity. CMD is a simple way to represent the total number of substrates able to be effectively metabolized by the microbial community. It's a measure of diversity in use of carbon sources. CMD is calculated by summing the number of positive responses (wells with a positive A_595nm value after all the corrections) at each incubation time. Any negative values are considered 0 absorbance.

On your worksheet enter either a 0 or a 1. Zero indicates that there was a negative value or 0 for corrected A_590nm. A 1 indicates a postive value of greater than zero. Once you have entered a 1 or a 0 as the "corrected" absorbance for all the cells, the template will calculate the CMD for that day. Complete the final CMD table on the last page of the template workbook.

GRAPHING THE DATA:

Once your team is finished collecting the data, make figures for AMR, CMD, and Carbon Utilization patterns.

To graph AMRs: You will plot the AMR value on the y axis against time on the x to provide a quick comparison of metabolic responses by day.

To graph CMDs: Plot the calculated sample's CMD values on the y axis versus time on the x to get a sense of community functional metabolic richness.

Carbon source utilization pattern:
Neither AMR nor CMD analysis provides information about the pattern of carbon substrates used in each community. To examine the pattern of carbon sources used across communities, you could plot the average A_590nmabsorbance on the final day of data collection on the y axis and the 31 different carbon sources on the x axis in one figure. (Remember that there is no such thing as a negative value for Absorbance so count anything that is less than zero as zero. Why might you seem to have a negative value?)

Can you think of another way to compare the patterns of substrates?