View source for OpenSourceMalaria:GSK Amino-thienopyrimidine Series

{{OSDDMalaria}}

=OSDD Malaria Series 2: The Aminothienopyrimidine (ATP) Series=

==Introduction==

===Preamble===

This page describes a sub-project of the Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria consortium. Background to how the project works can be found on the page that describes the first branch of the project: [[OSDDMalaria:Story so far]].

All experimental work in this branch of the project is described on an [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/aminotpseries open lab book]; status updates for the project are posted on The Synaptic Leap website, for example [http://www.thesynapticleap.org/node/343 here]; and some discussions take place on the consortium's [https://plus.google.com/u/0/114702323662314783325/posts Google+] page and [http://twitter.com/osddmalaria Twitter] feed, which may be followed. All contributions are welcome, ideally in the public domain, though existing members may be contacted offline if absolutely necessary e.g. at [[User:Matthew Todd]].

===The Origin of this Antimalarial Drug Candidate and the Project's Approach===

In 2010, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) released chemical and biological data pertaining to some 13,500 compounds that displayed potent antimalarial activity ''in vitro'' ([http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7296/abs/nature09107.html Nature paper]). Medicinal chemists at the [http://www.mmv.org/ Medicines for Malaria Venture] (MMV) identified several compounds present in this dataset which they believed to be excellent hits. These two compounds had the combination of a drug-like profile (polar, low molecular weight, amenable to structural variation), high potency, low cytotoxicity, no known intellectual property issues, and to the best of their knowledge they were not the subject of antimalarial research by any other group, and hence suitable for an open source project. 

This page details the development of ''one'' of these two compounds, based on an aminothienopyrimidine core. MMV has developed a set of [http://www.mmv.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/essential_info_for_scientists/Compound_progression_criteria.pdf compound progression criteria] and these should be used to inform the project.

The high throughput nature of the GSK screen carries the possibility of a false positive, and thus the first step was to resynthesise the hit compound and confirm its antimalarial activity. To see if the compound could be further optimised, the next step would be the synthesis of small sets of diverse analogs, as well as some exploration of the druggability (solubility, metabolic degradation etc) of the hit compound. If an interesting structure-activity relationship could be found, the compound might be suitable for lead optimisation.

==Current Needs of This Project==

This section describes the current To Do list for this project, and can be changed frequently. Data for the project will be accumulated in lower sections of this page. It is possible to comment/alter this page directly with an OpenWetWare account. Other venues for commenting/suggesting are [https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/114702323662314783325/114702323662314783325/posts G+], [http://www.thesynapticleap.org/malaria/community The Synaptic Leap], [https://twitter.com/OSDDMalaria Twitter] or the Lab Notebooks for the [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/aminotpseries chemistry] or the [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/biological_data biology].

'''Guiding Principles''': <br>
1) Maintain low calculated logP values for suggested compounds (<5) <br>
2) Be mindful of molecular weight <br>
3) Aim for diversity, given OSM-S-106 arose from a phenotypic screen and has no known target/mechanism of action <br>
4) That there must be a reason for doing chemistry: Can analogs be obtained by other means, from other groups? Is the original hit the best compound? <br>

'''TO DO''':

Latest round of biological evaluation [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/374 here]. Compound structures governed by what was accessible synthetically in the short term, in particular by what boronic acids could be made/bought.

'''Results''': All changes had seriously deleterious effect on activity. Meta sulfonamide appears necessary for activity.  Morpholine is a poor replacement for amine. Results for OSM-S-137 vs TCMDC 132385 (structures [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/data/6233.html here] suggest that variation of amine is possible where there is some variation (i.e. removal) in the sulfonamide portion. Raises possibility that there might be two targets - one hit by the substituted pyrimidine and one by the aryl sulfonamide.

'''Rationale for structures''': Morpholine substitution was thought to have been sensible based on [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/283 this modelling analysis]. Longer side chain attached to amine in OSM-S-137 was proposed because of mild activity for TCMDC 132385 (again, comparison [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/data/6233.html here]).

'''Solubility''': In several cases there appeared to be some sort of solubility issues, though we had expected all these compounds to be highly soluble.


'''Short term TO DO items''':

1. Morpholine group appears to be a bad substitution. Make other substitutions on the primary amine, such as one or two methyls (dimethyl InChIKey CGTVWFYTOADSRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N). Route to that would likely be to take [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/30a OSM-S-70], add dimethylamine, then brominate, then Suzuki. Action item for '''Althea'''. <br>
2. How many more meta-substituted sulfonamides like OSM-S-106 exist in the literature? We've done this search before (link?), but let's revisit. Action item for '''Alice'''. <br>
''Answer: There are 59 commercially available meta-substituted boronic acid/esters from Boron Molecular as shown [https://plus.google.com/u/0/114702323662314783325/posts/3xrc1hKTQHd here].'' <br>
3. We already ordered several other meta-substituted boronic acids, 10, 15 and 55 - ([https://plus.google.com/u/0/114702323662314783325/posts/3xrc1hKTQHd]), some of which have now come in (10 (OSM-S-135) and 15 (OSM-S-133) already synthesised and tested [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/data/files/6202/testing_Mar13_data_page2.png]). We need to evaluate these. Action item on '''Althea'''. <br>
4. Are there any doubly-substituted meta-boronic acids we could employ in the coupling? Action item on '''Alice'''. <br>
''Answer: There are a few doubly-substituted meta-boronic acids/esters available from Sigma Aldrich as shown [https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/114702323662314783325/108348788732703883441/posts/159bmiMMJBg here].'' <br>
5. [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL586182 TCMDC-132385] should be synthesised to check its activity, as well as the fragments without the fluoroaromatic, and with other aryls. Action item on '''Murray'''. <br>
6. Ask GSK for any information they might have on known inactives around OSM-S-106 where there is variation in that pendant amine side chain. Action item on '''Mat'''. <br>
7. Make OSM-S-106 with substitution of the amine with a methyl ether (InChIKey RMRWXSBDYMDPPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N). Devise synthetic approach. Action item on '''Alice'''. <br>
8. Approach Sue Charman's lab for solubility and metabolic assays on OSM-S-106. Action item on '''Mat'''. <br>

'''Longer term items''':

1. Synthesise des-amino OSM-S-106 (NAPAWLMTRGMNSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N), i.e. substitute the amine for H on the pyrimidine. Who wants to do this? <br>
2. Can OSM-S-106 be derivatised further, i.e. this compound as a starting point? <br>
3. Can Murray's new [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/35a bromo-regioisomer synthesis] be used to make more diverse compounds. How risky is this in terms of the amount of methodology needed? <br>
4. How easily can scaffold analogs of OSM-S-106 be accessed, e.g. furan (GSJDJXHDXORRDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N), flipped thiophene (NBFDNDWQCGJNHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N), pyrrole (XTMBLMGMAYOFBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N), indole (ZVHBDXVFFFLUQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N), pyridine vs pyrimidine (FCEYCXXGTFVWIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N)? <br>
5. Order a selection of [https://plus.google.com/u/0/114702323662314783325/posts/3xrc1hKTQHd meta-substituted boronic acids/esters ] (based on May consultation) to make some more thienopyrimidine analogues. <br>
6. Synthesise some analogues containing sulfonamide bioisosteres such as sulfonimidamides. Inspired by this publication: DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200014. <br>

==Data on the Intial Hit==

The original hit compound, [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd/compound/results/9372/1/molweight/asc/mini TCMDC 135294], has the following structure:

[[Image:thienopyrimidine.PNG|thumb|center|180px|GSK Thienopyrimidine Series: TCMDC 135294]]

This compound has attractive ALogP and molecular weight values. In the OSDD project it has the ID OSM-S-106. Its biological activity has been confirmed (see below).

Other instances of this compound:

[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL581088 ChEMBL 581088].

[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.24575349.html?rid=a5689148-4b7f-4b14-b9e6-7d03c39148df ChemSpider].

[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=44528665 PubChem]

Machine-readable data:

SMILES: Nc1ncnc2cc(sc12)c3cccc(c3)S(=O)(=O)N

InChI=1S/C12H10N4O2S2/c13-12-11-9(15-6-16-12)5-10(19-11)7-2-1-3-8(4-7)20(14,17)18/h1-6H,(H2,13,15,16)(H2,14,17,18)

==Existing Analogs==

If analogs of these compounds already exist, they should be explored.

===In TCAMS Data Set===

'''Need''': Analysis and data associated with other relevant compounds in the GSK TCAMS data set.

===Commercially-available===

An analysis of which commercially-available compounds are available has been done, and several compounds purchased and evaluated.

'''Need''': The availability of compounds changes quite often, and searches should be periodically carried out.

===Other Sources (e.g. Academic Labs)===

If promising-looking analogs are available from other sources, we can contact the owners and arrange local screening for activity. Post details here:

'''Need''': Find owners of relevant compounds, and indicate whether they have been contacted.

==Experimental Work==

===Biological Evaluation===

Activity of initial hit: [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/27b February 2013]

Activity of commercial analogs of initial hit: [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/1af Structures: October 2012], [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/1c3 Activity: November 2012]

Activity of synthesised analogs: 

Small Fragments: [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/1a0 October 2012]
First Major Analog Set: [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/uri/374 April 2013]

===Organic Synthesis===

A proposed synthesis for this hit compound was drawn up, and is shown below:

[[Image:ThienoSynthesisOWW1.PNG|thumb|center|600px|Proposed synthesis for the above compound]]

It was envisioned that the hit compound could be generated using this convergent strategy. The thienopyrimidine scaffold was to be synthesised from the commercially available formamide and methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate. The use of trivial heterocyclic chemistry was thought to be sufficient for the introduction of an amine at the 4-position of this scaffold, before the substitution at the 6-position by a halogen was to proceed using lithiation/halogenation. Meanwhile, the benzenesulfonamide moiety was to be generated by transforming the commercially available 3-bromobenzenesulfonamide into the relevant boronate ester. The thienopyrimidine scaffold (A) and benzenesulfonamide boronate ester (B) would then be united using a Suzuki coupling.

The results of this synthetic effort are described hereinafter.

===Construction of the thienopyrimidine scaffold===

It was found that the desired ring closure of formamide and methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate could not proceed in the conditions tested. This ring closure was instead carried out using formic acid and ammonium formate in lieu of formamide. Steps 2 and 3 proceeded without controversy to give the aminothienopyrimidine scaffold.

===Completion of the halogenated aminothienopyrimidine scaffold===

Substitution at the 6-position of this aminothienopyrimidine scaffold could not - in our experience - be carried out. Protection of the free amine at the 4-position was found to be a successful strategy for introducing the halogen at the 6-position, however, this method gave low yields. Using the chlorinated thienopyrimidone (X) in a lithiation/halogenation was found to be the most synthetically tractable way of introducing the desired functionality whilst maintaining workable yields (~50%). An amine was introduced at the 4-position using ammonium hydroxide solution in a sealed tube (120 °C).

====Alternative Synthetic Strategies====

The step that involves n-BuLi would best be avoided, and if a more direct route of arriving at the Suzuki coupling step could be discovered, that would take a potentially dangerous and difficult step out of the synthetic route.

One possibility, involving NIS and an ionic liquid such as 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (which our lab doesn't have, but which is available from Aldrich in catalytic quality from $247/5g), is found below:

[doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.010 DOI]

[dx.doi.org/10.1139/V09-125 Here] is another alternative, where the direct iodonation of arenes can be carried out using oxone and NaI. Whether or not this would work in my compound, given selectivity issues, is something that I'll have to investigate.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(95)00876-E This] paper shows a method of direct halogenation of thiophenes. This uses [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene, which we don't have lying around, but which can be bought from Aldrich for $136/10g. The reactivity of thiophenes vs pyrimidines is something I'll have to look into. UPDATE: I've read Clayden et al. (2012, p 727) and I'm informed that pyridine is, generally speaking, terrible at electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. My understanding is that pyrimidine has the same reactivity as does pyridine, so there shouldn't be any selectivity problems with any of these reactions (a result that was perhaps anticipated by the BuLi reaction proceeding at the alpha position on the thiophene ring in the first place).

---
July 9th.

The BuLi reactions have literature precedent. Heffron (2010) acheives a very similar reaction, albeit with protection of a pyrimidine position (which doesn't seem to be reacting in my case anyway). Snegaroff (2009) uses (TMP)3CdLi to acheive the metallation/iodination. This less harsh base can be used at rt. This author discovered the reagent, so they are probably interested in self promotion. In any case, there is precedent for the lithium metallation proceeding.

---
July 18th

A post on ChemForums suggested that the sulfur might react with the iodine. According to Joule & Mills (p. 234) this won't happen. "The five membered heterocycles do not react with electrophiles at the heteroatom." and "...in pyrrole, electrophilic addition at the nitroge would lead to a substantial loss of resonance stabilisation - the molecule would be converted into a cyclic butadiene, with an attached nitrogen carrying a positive charge localised on that nitrogen atom.

---
August 26

A search performed on SciFinder at 8:57pm revealed that the meta sulfonamide is NOT novel.

===Generation of the Boronate Ester===

Initially, the synthesis of a boronic acid was desired however, this could not be generated on these substrates. Instead, boronate esters were generated for the para- and meta-substituted boronate esters of interest.

====Thiophene Starting Material Synthesis====

Additionally, the thiophene available from Sigma Aldrich for $159/10g can be made from the following synthesis.

[[Image:thiophenesynthesis.png|thumb|center|450px|Proposed synthesis for the above compound]]

----

===Analogs===

TCMDC 135294 is part of a series with one other member, [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd/compound/results/9373/1/molweight/asc/mini | TCMDC 135255], shown below:

[[Image:NearneighbourJim.png|thumb|center|180px| TCMDC 135255]]

[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/639249 | ChEMBL639249] link.

[https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.24575311.html?rid=f6d62fc1-19d7-4160-9b7a-bb893b9de88a | ChemSpider] link.

SMILES: Nc1ncnc2cc(sc12)c3cccc(NC(=O)Nc4ccccc4)c3

InChI=1S/C19H15N5OS/c20-18-17-15(21-11-22-18)10-16(26-17)12-5-4-8-14(9-12)24-19(25)23-13-6-2-1-3-7-13/h1-11H,(H2,20,21,22)(H2,23,24,25)

A list of commercially available compounds with similar structures to the one I'm trying to synthesise were identified with much help from Iain Wallace. If you're reading this and are interested in donating samples of these compounds, please contact someone on the project.

Misc possible industry sources of compounds:
*[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm0510979 Boehringer thienopyridines]. [https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/114702323662314783325/114702323662314783325/posts/K5SqH5M9RcN Contacted]. Need other way in!
*[http://www.tuberculosisjournal.com/article/S1472-9792(09)00051-1/abstract Southern Research Institute]. Contacted April 1 2013. Replied April 2 to say they did not have the compounds available.
*

Iain Wallace created a cytoscape file which details purchaseable compounds related to the two series that I am trying to make. The file can be found [http://malaria.ourexperiment.org/in_silico_prediction/2962/Purchaseable_chemical_space_around_TCMDC_135294_TCMDC_134395.html here], and Cytoscape can be downloaded for free [http://www.cytoscape.org/ here] (one will need to activate the chemviz plugin, which can be activated from within Cytoscape). The results of this work, in the form of a list of purchaseable compounds, can be found [http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/rene/visitor.cgi?h=57e58914e7d2d8d6e5ddefe72863813331479a3c7b9b5974 here]

A list of the above compounds in .csv format, with InChi, InChiKey, SMILES and eMolecules identifiers, can be found [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Image:Thienopyrimidine_Table.csv here].

These compounds, and relevant data, are shown below:

'''''OLD DATA NOW IRRELEVANT. REFER TO NEW DATA BELOW:'''''

Two compounds have since become unavailable from Enamine. These are commercially available but with a less strict similarity search on emolecules.
http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/rene/visitor.cgi?h=c22c97319d83c434da71f7f53149d7d2aaf0fe3014125ab4

[[Image:NewThienosFromEnamineR.png]]
[[Image:NewThienosFromEnamine1R.png]]

'''Synthesis of new analogues'''

This image presents some strategies for assessing SAR's on the aminothienopyrimidine core.

[[Image:Variability.png]]

===References===

Honours Thesis by Jimmy Cronshaw (submitted and examined) entitled "Open Source Drug Discovery: Effort Toward the Synthesis and Evaluation of Two Antimalarial Drug Candidates" may be downloaded from [http://figshare.com/articles/ThesisforUpload.pdf/102049 Figshare]. The thesis is in PDF form, but contains much of the early data on this page.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SCC-120005940 Barker, J. M.; Huddleston, P. R.; Wood, M. L., A RAPID CONVERSION OF 3-OXOTHIOLANES INTO 3-AMINOTHIOPHENES. Synthetic Communications 2002, 32 (16), 2565-2568.]

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi060395k Baykal, A. T.; Kakalis, L.; Jordan, F., Electronic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic features of the 1 ',4 '-iminopyrimidine tautomeric form of thiamin diphosphate, a novel intermediate on enzymes requiring this coenzyme. Biochemistry 2006, 45 (24), 7522-7528.]

Brown, G. B.; Baker, B. R.; Bernstein, S.; Safir, S. R., BIOTIN. II. 3,4-trans-DIAMINOTHIOPHANE. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1947, 12 (1), 155-159.

Castenado, G.; Dotson, J.; Goldsmith, R.; Gunzo, J.; Heffron, T.; Mathieu, S.; Oliveo, A.; Staben, S.; Sutherlin, D.P.; Tsui, V.; Wang, S.; Zhu, B.; Bayliss, T.; Chuckowree, I.; Folkes, A.; Wan, N.C. (Genentech, Inc., USA; Piramed Limited). Thienopyrimidine and furopyrimidine derivatives as phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor and their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions and use in the treatment of cancer. World Intellectual Property Organisation 2008073785 A2, 2008; SciFinder Scholar AN 2008:735944 (accessed 2/2/2012).

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.1267 Diel, B. N.; Han, M. C.; Kole, P. L.; Boaz, D. B., Synthesis of (C-13(6)-Ring-(U))-(+/-)-benzo(a)pyrene metabolites from (C-13(6)-Ring-(U))benzene. Journal of Labelled Compounds & Radiopharmaceuticals 2007, 50 (5-6), 551-553.]

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98968-9 F, Duus., A study of the tautomerism of 2- and 4-ethoxycarbonylthiolan-3-ones implicating stereochemical effects of ring-substitution. Tetrahedron 1981, 37 (15), 2633-2640.]

Son, J.B.; Jung, S. H.; Choi, W.I.; Jung, Y.H.; Choi, J.Y.; Song, J.Y.; Lee, K.H.; Lee, J.C.; Kim, E.Y.; Ahn, Y.G.; Kim, M.S.; Choi, HG.; Sim, T.B.; Ham, Y.J.; Park, D.; Kim, H.; Kim, D. (Hanmi Holdings Co., Ltd., S. Korea; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Catholic University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation). Preparation of thienopyrimidine derivatives for use as protein kinase inhibitors. World Intellectual Property Organisation 2011093684 A2, 2011; SciFinder Scholar AN 2011:971406 (accessed 3/2/2012).

Woodward, R. B.; Eastman, R. H., Tetrahydrothiophene ("Thiophane") Derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68 (11), 2229-2235.