Physics307L F09:People/Dougherty/Notebook/071022
Cary M. Dougherty 15:07, 22 October 2007 (CDT)
Balmer Series
http://www-hep.phys.unm.edu/%7Egold/phys307L/manual.pdf
p27-30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series
According to the manual i calibrated the apparatus with the mercury spectrum. i first found the right measurement for the red line that shows up in the spectrum. by fixing the screw drive to that measurement i could then fix the prism so the actual red line of the spectrum fell on the cross hairs in the viewing lens. this way the red line of the spectrum fell exactly on the right wavelength of the screw drive. and then moving the screw drive to the second wavelength, i could see the blue/green line fell on the same measurement as in the manual.
also in the manual, they specifically expressed turning the screw drive in only one direction. this is because there could be dead spots if turned the opposite way. dead spots meaning if you reverse the direction, you might turn the screw drive a fraction of an inch or so before the spectrum itself actually starts moving. for this reason i decided to take 2 measurements. one turning the screw drive completely counter-clockwise and moving it along the spectrum, and then turning it completely clockwise and moving it the other way along the spectrum. this way i could minimize any error in the movement of the screw drive.
SJK 03:18, 29 November 2007 (CST)
Nice primary notebook!
As for deadspots, the key is to calibrate in the same direction that you ultimately take data in. I.e., calibrate moving counter-clockwise and then take data this way too (or vice versa).
Data
Hydrogen
turned screw drive all the way counter-clockwise
| RED | 653 nm |
|---|---|
| BLUE/GREEN | 484.7 nm |
| VIOLET | 433.5 nm |
| VIOLET (faint) | 409.6 nm |
turned screw drive all the way clockwise
| RED | 655 nm |
|---|---|
| BLUE/GREEN | 485.9 nm |
| VIOLET | 433.8 nm |
| VIOLET (faint) | 409.8 nm |
Deuterium
turned screw drive all the way counter-clockwise
| RED | 651.6 nm |
|---|---|
| BLUE/GREEN | 484.3 nm |
| VIOLET | 432.8 nm |
| VIOLET (faint) | 409.9 nm |
turned screw drive all the way clockwise
| RED | 654.8 nm |
|---|---|
| BLUE/GREEN | 484.8 nm |
| VIOLET | 433.9 nm |
| VIOLET (faint) | 409.4 nm |
Data Analysis
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{\lambda} = R_\mathrm{H}\left(\frac{1}{2^2} - \frac{1}{n^2}\right), n=3,4,5,... }[/math]
For Balmer series the red line's atomic number, n, starts as 3 and moves up as the spectrum moves left. (blue/green = 4, violet = 5, and violet (faint) = 6.)
Hydrogen
counter-clockwise
| R (m^-1) | |
|---|---|
| RED | 1.1026*10^7 |
| BLUE/GREEN | 1.10034*10^7 |
| VIOLET | 1.0985*10^7 |
| VIOLET (faint) | 1.0986*10^7 |
clockwise
| R (m^-1) | |
|---|---|
| RED | 1.0992*10^7 |
| BLUE/GREEN | 1.0976*10^7 |
| VIOLET | 1.0977*10^7 |
| VIOLET (faint) | 1.0981*10^7 |
Deuterium
counter-clockwise
| R (m^-1) | |
|---|---|
| RED | 1.10497*10^7 |
| BLUE/GREEN | 1.10125*10^7 |
| VIOLET | 1.100255*10^7 |
| VIOLET (faint) | 1.09783*10^7 |
clockwise
| R (m^-1) | |
|---|---|
| RED | 1.09957*10^7 |
| BLUE/GREEN | 1.10011*10^7 |
| VIOLET | 1.09747*10^7 |
| VIOLET (faint) | 1.09917*10^7 |
R average
counter-clockwise
Hydrogen - R = 1.10001*10^7 m^-1
Deuterium - R = 1.10107*10^7 m^-1
clockwise
Hydrogen - R = 1.09815*10^7 m^-1
Deuterium - R = 1.09908*10^7 m^-1
Hydrogen
R = 1.099*10^7 m^-1
Deuterium
R = 1.100*10^7 m^-1
standard error of the mean
- [math]\displaystyle{ s = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N-1} \sum_{i=1}^N (x_i - \overline{x})^2} }[/math]
Hydrogen = 16696.87738
Deuterium = 23383.54027
- [math]\displaystyle{ SE = \frac{s}{\sqrt{N}} }[/math]
Hydrogen SE = 5903.23761
Deuterium SE = 8267.329947
Final value of R
Hydrogen = 1.099*10^7 m^-1 +/- 5.903*10^3
Deuterium = 1.100*10^7 m^-1 +/- 8.267*10^3
error
[math]\displaystyle{ %error= \frac{|Actual-Experimental|}{|Actual|}x100 }[/math]
actual value = 1.0967758*10^7 m^-1
Hydrogen e= 0.20%
Deuterium e= 0.29%
