Samantha M. Hurndon Week 2: Difference between revisions

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'''Aipotu IV: Evolution'''
==Introduction==
*My partner and I conducted an experiment on the program Aupotu in which we inquired the evolution of genotypes in a population.


*Part A: Population Genetics
==Methods==
** We looked at Natural Selection in the absence of mutation
#We began by looking at Natural Selection in the absence of mutation. For our experiment we only looked at red and white colored flowers (R = Red and r= white)
***In the Evolution tab of Aipotu we first, disabled mutations.  
#Our first step was to enable the mutations, which would be found under preferences the file button.  
***Then we loaded red and white flowers from greenhouse and put them in our 'world' with a ratio of 50:50.  
#We then selected for red colored flowers by first adding both white and red flowers from the greenhouse to the world with a 50:50 ratio.  
***To make sure our ratio of accurate we counted the amount of red and white boxes, giving us 49 white and 51 red.  
#To select for red we set the fitness of red to 10 and the rest to 0.
***We then selected for for red by increasing the fitness to 10 and decreasing the fitness of all the others to 0.  
#After going about that, we clicked the one-generation button in the controls. After we recorded that information we then ran the generation button a few more times.  
****A4.) We predict that the amount of red flowers will increase over several generations, and the amount of white flowers will decrease due to its much lower level of fitness in comparison to the red. Eventually, all the flowers will be red.  
#After the selection for red we then selected for white by increasing whites fitness to 10 and reds to 0 and then recorded the results after hitting the generation button.  
***Our first cross gave us  72 reds and 28 whites.  
#We then went on to examine the correlation of this experiment and the hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
***Our third generation have us 8 whites and 92 reds
#We did this by selecting only red for the world settings and checking the show colors of both alleles box in preferences.  
***Our fourth generation is pure red.
#We then set all fitness’s to 5 to see if the population was at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.  
****A6.) If red generations are dominant and still produce white offspring, it could be due to some of the flowers still containing the white allele.  
#Our next step was to calculate the allele frequencies in the starting population as well as the genotype frequencies.
#We then ran one generation to see if the population was at HWE.
#Following that we then set out fitness settings for red, by increasing red to 10 and all other colors to 0 and then running generations.  


*Part B, Select for white
==Results==
***After several generations, the flowers will all be white.  
#When selecting for Red:
***After one generation all the reds died off. This is because the white is recessive, therefore none of the whites carried a red allele. Opposed to the last experiment with red having a higher fitness, some of the reds were heterozygous, containing a white allele, therefore taking several generations for the whites to die off.  
*We predicted that the number of white flowers would eventually, after several generations, wipe out.  
*We found that after one generation there were 28 whites and 72 reds, after 2 generations there were 8 whites and 92 reds. When we got to the fourth generation all follower colors were red. This is because our fitness level for red was set the maximum. Therefore, the red color will be able to thrive. Red being the dominant allele can be heterogynous or homozygous, however, eventually all phenotypes will be red.
*Part C
#When selecting for white:
***Here we selected for all reds in our world. We then clicked to show both allele colors, indicating that each flower had a red and a white allele. Genotype Rr.
*We predicted that after a few generations the red color would wipe out.
*We found that after only one generation all followers were white. This is because the fitness for white was set to the maximum and because white is recessive it can not contain any red alleles.
#Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium & Natural Selection
*We found that the starting population was in they HWE because p+q was equaled to one.
*We then tested for the HWE after one generation had been ran and found that it was in fact at HWE. (See calculations for proof).  
*After setting the fitness settings to select for red we predicted that red will eventually take over because we set its fitness to the maximum.
*Our calculations indicated that our prediction was correct because p is 94% and q is only 6%.
 
==Conclusion==
It was seen that when fitness levels were high for the more dominant allele the longer it took for the population to become pure for that specific allele. On the contrary, when fitness levels were high for recessive alleles, the generation became pure recessive much more quickly.

Revision as of 21:29, 7 September 2011

Introduction

  • My partner and I conducted an experiment on the program Aupotu in which we inquired the evolution of genotypes in a population.

Methods

  1. We began by looking at Natural Selection in the absence of mutation. For our experiment we only looked at red and white colored flowers (R = Red and r= white)
  2. Our first step was to enable the mutations, which would be found under preferences the file button.
  3. We then selected for red colored flowers by first adding both white and red flowers from the greenhouse to the world with a 50:50 ratio.
  4. To select for red we set the fitness of red to 10 and the rest to 0.
  5. After going about that, we clicked the one-generation button in the controls. After we recorded that information we then ran the generation button a few more times.
  6. After the selection for red we then selected for white by increasing whites fitness to 10 and reds to 0 and then recorded the results after hitting the generation button.
  7. We then went on to examine the correlation of this experiment and the hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
  8. We did this by selecting only red for the world settings and checking the show colors of both alleles box in preferences.
  9. We then set all fitness’s to 5 to see if the population was at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
  10. Our next step was to calculate the allele frequencies in the starting population as well as the genotype frequencies.
  11. We then ran one generation to see if the population was at HWE.
  12. Following that we then set out fitness settings for red, by increasing red to 10 and all other colors to 0 and then running generations.

Results

  1. When selecting for Red:
  • We predicted that the number of white flowers would eventually, after several generations, wipe out.
  • We found that after one generation there were 28 whites and 72 reds, after 2 generations there were 8 whites and 92 reds. When we got to the fourth generation all follower colors were red. This is because our fitness level for red was set the maximum. Therefore, the red color will be able to thrive. Red being the dominant allele can be heterogynous or homozygous, however, eventually all phenotypes will be red.
  1. When selecting for white:
  • We predicted that after a few generations the red color would wipe out.
  • We found that after only one generation all followers were white. This is because the fitness for white was set to the maximum and because white is recessive it can not contain any red alleles.
  1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium & Natural Selection
  • We found that the starting population was in they HWE because p+q was equaled to one.
  • We then tested for the HWE after one generation had been ran and found that it was in fact at HWE. (See calculations for proof).
  • After setting the fitness settings to select for red we predicted that red will eventually take over because we set its fitness to the maximum.
  • Our calculations indicated that our prediction was correct because p is 94% and q is only 6%.

Conclusion

It was seen that when fitness levels were high for the more dominant allele the longer it took for the population to become pure for that specific allele. On the contrary, when fitness levels were high for recessive alleles, the generation became pure recessive much more quickly.

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