Todd:Chem3x11 ToddL8: Difference between revisions
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How might this reaction be occurring? Perhaps a concerted mechanism like this: | How might this reaction be occurring? Perhaps a concerted mechanism like this: | ||
[[Image:Concerted Addition.png|thumb|center| | [[Image:Concerted Addition.png|thumb|center|400px| '''Scheme 2:''' Possible Concerted Polar Addition of Bromine]] | ||
...or a stepwise polar mechanism like this: | ...or a stepwise polar mechanism like this: | ||
[[Image:Stepwise Addition.png|thumb|center| | [[Image:Stepwise Addition.png|thumb|center|400px| '''Scheme 3:''' Possible Stepwise Polar Addition of Bromine]] | ||
...or maybe something exotic like a stepwise radical mechanism like this: | ...or maybe something exotic like a stepwise radical mechanism like this: | ||
[[Image:Radical Addition.png|thumb|center| | [[Image:Radical Addition.png|thumb|center|400px| '''Scheme 4:''' Possible Radical Addition of Bromine]] | ||
On paper there is no easy way to say which is right, so we need to go to the lab, do the reaction carefully and see what happens. If you remember back to when we looked at the opening of epoxides, we found that we learned a lot about the reaction mechanism by using Z- and E- isomers of an alkene. Let's try that trick again. | On paper there is no easy way to say which is right, so we need to go to the lab, do the reaction carefully and see what happens. If you remember back to when we looked at the opening of epoxides, we found that we learned a lot about the reaction mechanism by using ''Z''- and ''E''- isomers of an alkene. Let's try that trick again. | ||
===Stereochemical Clues to the Addition Mechanism=== | ===Stereochemical Clues to the Addition Mechanism=== | ||
Imagine we have some double bond with things on the end ( | Imagine we have some double bond with things on the end (R<sup>1</sup> and R<sup>2</sup>). Let's start with the ''Z''-isomer, and let's add some reagent Y<sub>2</sub> to the double bond, and think about what happens if the addition is ''cis'' or ''trans'' (''i.e.'', if both atoms of Y<sub>2</sub> add to the same face or to opposite faces.) | ||
==The Licence for This Page== | ==The Licence for This Page== | ||
Is [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC-BY-3.0] meaning you can use whatever you want, provided you cite me. | Is [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC-BY-3.0] meaning you can use whatever you want, provided you cite me. |
Revision as of 21:50, 18 May 2012
Chem3x11 Lecture 8
Being constructed Sat May 19
This lecture is about how things add to alkenes, using bromine as an example.
(Back to the main teaching page)
Key concepts
- The stereochemical outcome of a reaction gives clues to the mechanism of that reaction
- The addition of bromine to double bonds is via a cyclic bromonium ion that is formed in a concerted process
The Addition of Bromine to a Double Bond
Alkenes are important because they occur naturally in great quantity and we can use the reactive double bond to make more interesting molecules. The formation of epoxides is one example we have seen of how alkenes can be transformed into other molecules. The addition of bromine is another widely-used reaction. The jargon for this reaction is an electrophilic 1,2-addition. The bromine adds such that one bromine is added to one carbon and one to the other (a 1,2-addition) and the reagent we add (bromine) is seeking out the electrons of the double bond, meaning we refer to this as an electrophilic addition (unlike when a nucleophile adds to a carbonyl group, which is a nucleophilic addition).
Some Mechanistic Possibilities
How might this reaction be occurring? Perhaps a concerted mechanism like this:
...or a stepwise polar mechanism like this:
...or maybe something exotic like a stepwise radical mechanism like this:
On paper there is no easy way to say which is right, so we need to go to the lab, do the reaction carefully and see what happens. If you remember back to when we looked at the opening of epoxides, we found that we learned a lot about the reaction mechanism by using Z- and E- isomers of an alkene. Let's try that trick again.
Stereochemical Clues to the Addition Mechanism
Imagine we have some double bond with things on the end (R1 and R2). Let's start with the Z-isomer, and let's add some reagent Y2 to the double bond, and think about what happens if the addition is cis or trans (i.e., if both atoms of Y2 add to the same face or to opposite faces.)
The Licence for This Page
Is CC-BY-3.0 meaning you can use whatever you want, provided you cite me.