Autografts vs Xenografts vs Allografts

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background

Synthetic scaffold have been used for a long period of time For tissue replacement. However their low biocompatibility property had promote many tissue degradation and rejection upon surgical procedure. Biological scaffold are widely used now days for tissue replacement.They are defiend as decelluralize extracellular matrix made of laminin, fibrinectin,elastin and collagen.Among their applicatin are skin replacement,Hernia repair,breast reconstruction,tendon repair and gencological reconstruction. and the replacement of other tissue around the body.Thre type of biological scaffold exist, Those include Autograft,Xenograft and Allograft.Each of them differ in their biocomapatibilty,source of the grafts,on how their cross to the host tissue, importantly on their regulation by the FDA.In 1823 the first skin graft-transplantation from one location of an individual to another location was performed successfully.However, it wasin the early twentieh century that xenograft was first performed.In additon the first allograft was performed in 1837 in a gazelle.In this paper, we will compare and contrast those three biological scaffold.

History

Doctor Hall Broxmeyer discover the presence of Hematopoeitic stem cells in cord blood.However,in 1988 we observe was the first successful cord blood transplant in Paris (France)on a six year old boy suffering from Faconi's Anemia.It was until in 1992 that the first public bank was created.In 2005, congress pass national legislation. As of today 30000 cord blood transplant was establish.[5]

Allografts,Xenografts,Autografts(source comparison)

Grafts is performed as a medical procedure to repair a damage tissue. Three different type of graft exist depending on their sources .those include xenografs, Autografts and allografts. Xenografts is defined as the transplantation of tissue from one donor to a completely different species(animal to human)An example are the small intestine and dermis of the porcine,pericardium,fetal and dermis of of a bovine and also equine.However,xenografts originating from country which has an history of spongiform encephalopathy are forbidden. Their differ from the allografts in which case the donor and the host are from the same species( human to human).In Autografts,The recipient is consider as the source in which case a tissu is transplanted from one part of the body to another.

Xenografts,allografts,autografts(preparation procedure)

A perfect grafts can be define as biocompatible to the host environment,supprot tissu repair,conatin noantigen which could promote an acute immun respoense.Therfore,the preparation of each before implatation is a very important are reagulated by the FDA(Food and Drug Administration). Prior implation the donnor is tested for anytype of atigen such us HIV1,HIV2,hepatitis B and C,trace of toxics substance as reqired by the FDA.However,due high degree of genetic identity between the host and the donnor in allograft and autogratf less test are required.After the obtention of the graft,the donnor tissue is decellurized,disinfected and packeged( autograft and allograft) by a tissu bank recognized by the FDA.However in 2002,the center for disease control( CDC)identify of clostridium antigen on 13 and 11 of them originated from the same.This issue downsocre the importance of the FDA requirementfor donnors creening.Decelurization also occur with the xenografts after which we have coss linking of the scaffold and sterilization.

Administration

The cord blood is administered via the vein of the recipient and through transfusion. Once in the blood circulation,the cord blood will go in the bone marrow where they settle and differentiate into healthy different cells.

Regulation

Cord blood banking is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration( FDA)as a human cells. However certain states require accreditation before the collection of cord blood. Those include New York, New Jersey and California.

references

<<http://sogc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/156E-CPG-March2005.pdf>>[1] <<http://www.scbb.com.sg/donate/collection/Pages/Home.aspx>>[2] <<http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/cord-blood-stem-cells-current-uses-and-future-challenges>> <<http://www.uchospitals.edu/online-library/content=CDR257990>> <<http://www.ebioscience.com/resources/pathways/hematopoiesis-from-pluripotent-sem-cells.htm>>[4] <<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_blood_bank>>[3] <<http://ccbb.duke.edu/about-cord-blood/history-cord-blood>>[5]