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2. The molecular toxicity of PM2.5 is poorly understood.  
2. The molecular toxicity of PM2.5 is poorly understood.  


3. The nanotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity of PM2.5 nanoparticles on human health requires further investigations.  
3. The nanotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity of PM2.5 exposure on human health requires further investigations.  


4. The differential effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure on the neuroimmune system, lung/brain axis, chronic inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer, Parkinson) requires additional research. <cite>Gilmour-2004</cite>
4. The differential effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure on the neuroimmune system, lung/brain axis, chronic inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer, Parkinson) requires additional research. <cite>Gilmour-2004</cite>
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== Differential effects of nanoparticles translocation ==
== Differential effects of nanoparticles translocation ==
=== Cardiovascular system ===
=== Cardiovascular system ===
* Effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on cardiovascular diseases <cite>Brook-2010</cite>
* Effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on cardiovascular diseases. <cite>Brook-2010</cite>
** Increase in blood pressure (hypertension) <cite>Balasubramanian-2013</cite>
** Increase in blood pressure (hypertension) <cite>Balasubramanian-2013</cite>
** The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
** The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing. <cite>Liu-2016</cite>
* Dysregulation of miRNA expression levels. <cite>Lu-2015</cite>


=== Central nervous system ===
=== Central nervous system ===
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* Decrease of serum testosterone levels <cite>Lavicoli-2013</cite>
* Decrease of serum testosterone levels <cite>Lavicoli-2013</cite>
* Increase of serum estradiol levels <cite>Lavicoli-2013</cite>
* Increase of serum estradiol levels <cite>Lavicoli-2013</cite>
* Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (Reference needed)
* Autoimmune disorders <cite>Bernatsky-2016</cite>


=== Limbic system ===
=== Limbic system ===
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#Liu-2016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580727
#Liu-2016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580727
//The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
//The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing.
#Bernatsky-2016 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988990
//Fine particulate air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, and systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease in Calgary, Alberta.
#Lu-2015 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4782360/
//Ambient particulate matter and microRNAs in extracellular vesicles: a pilot study of older individuals
</biblio>
</biblio>


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<blockquote>"Now let us consider another kind of drug – still undiscovered, but probably just around the corner – a drug capable of making people feel happy in situations where they would normally feel miserable. Such a drug would be a blessing, but a blessing fraught with grave political dangers. By making harmless chemical euphoria freely available, a dictator could reconcile an entire population to a state of affairs to which self-respecting human beings ought not to be reconciled. Despots have always found it necessary to supplement force by political or religious propaganda. In this sense the pen is mightier than the sword. But mightier than either the pen or the sword is the pill. In mental hospitals it has been found that chemical restraint is far more effective than strait jackets or psychiatry. The dictatorships of tomorrow will deprive men of their freedom, but will give them in exchange a happiness none the less real, as a subjective experience, for being chemically induced. The pursuit of happiness is one of the traditional rights of man; unfortunately, the achievement of happiness may turn out to be incompatible with another of man's rights – liberty." - Aldous Huxley
<blockquote>"Now let us consider another kind of drug – still undiscovered, but probably just around the corner – a drug capable of making people feel happy in situations where they would normally feel miserable. Such a drug would be a blessing, but a blessing fraught with grave political dangers. By making harmless chemical euphoria freely available, a dictator could reconcile an entire population to a state of affairs to which self-respecting human beings ought not to be reconciled. Despots have always found it necessary to supplement force by political or religious propaganda. In this sense the pen is mightier than the sword. But mightier than either the pen or the sword is the pill. In mental hospitals it has been found that chemical restraint is far more effective than strait jackets or psychiatry. The dictatorships of tomorrow will deprive men of their freedom, but will give them in exchange a happiness none the less real, as a subjective experience, for being chemically induced. The pursuit of happiness is one of the traditional rights of man; unfortunately, the achievement of happiness may turn out to be incompatible with another of man's rights – liberty." - Aldous Huxley
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"Under our noses, over our heads, hidden in plain [https://www.reddit.com/r/chemtrails/comments/609s8u/experimental_evidences_linking_clandestine/ sight]..." - Anonymous</blockquote>

Revision as of 02:58, 27 March 2017

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Hypothesis

1. Unilateral/clandestine geoengineering activity is a source of air pollution/particulate matter. (PM2.5)

2. The molecular toxicity of PM2.5 is poorly understood.

3. The nanotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity of PM2.5 exposure on human health requires further investigations.

4. The differential effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure on the neuroimmune system, lung/brain axis, chronic inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer, Parkinson) requires additional research. [1]

5. MAC1/Glutaminase activation is implicated in the microglia-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity of PM2.5. [2][3]

Differential effects of nanoparticles translocation

Cardiovascular system

  • Effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on cardiovascular diseases. [4]
    • Increase in blood pressure (hypertension) [5]
    • The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing. [6]
  • Dysregulation of miRNA expression levels. [7]

Central nervous system

  • Alzheimer disease [8][2]
  • Parkinson disease [2]
  • PM2.5 exposure may cause chronic neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. [9][3][10][11]
  • PM2.5 exposure may induce selective neurotoxicity through glutamatergic signaling and increase NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. [3][12]
  • Cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1beta, and CD14 signaling upregulation. [13]
  • Microglia-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity (Reactive microgliosis). [2]

Endocrine system

  • Decrease of serum testosterone levels [14]
  • Increase of serum estradiol levels [14]
  • Autoimmune disorders [15]

Limbic system

  • Exposure to PM2.5 causes genetic changes in fetal rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. [16]

Lymphatic system

  • Lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA/RNA damage. [17]

Respiratory system

  • AECOPD [9]
  • Lung cancer [18]

Nanotoxicity of aerosolized nanoparticles

Notes

Resources

Keywords

aerosol, bioaerosol, nanoparticles, aluminium oxide, particulate matter, PM2.5, gulf war syndrome, chronic neuroinflammation, vapor phase oxidation, hydrocarbons, barium, microglia, MAC1, monodisperse aerosol, drug delivery

Support this project

This project is entirely financed by personal donations. To support this project, use the following link to donate money via Paypal: https://paypal.me/EtienneRobillard

References

  1. [Gilmour-2004]

    Differential pulmonary inflammation and in vitro cytotoxicity of size-fractionated fly ash particles from pulverized coal combustion.

  2. [Levesque-2013]

    The Role of MAC1 in Diesel Exhaust Particle-induced Microglial Activation and Loss of Dopaminergic Neuron Function

  3. [Liu-2015]

    Macrophages treated with particulate matter PM2.5 induce selective neurotoxicity through glutaminase-mediated glutamate generation.

  4. [Brook-2010]

    Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

  5. [Balasubramanian-2013]

    Differential effects of inhalation exposure to PM2.5 on hypothalamic monoamines and corticotrophin releasing hormone in lean and obese rats.

  6. [Liu-2016]

    The association of annual air pollution exposure with blood pressure among patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

  7. [Lu-2015]

    Ambient particulate matter and microRNAs in extracellular vesicles: a pilot study of older individuals

  8. [Jung-2015]

    Ozone, particulate matter, and newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan.

  9. [Lei-2015]

    Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD.

  10. [Riva-2011]

    Low dose of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce acute oxidative stress, inflammation and pulmonary impairment in healthy mice.

  11. [Levesque-2011]

    Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity.

  12. [Morgan-2011]

    Glutamatergic neurons in rodent models respond to nanoscale particulate urban air pollutants in vivo and in vitro.

  13. [Solt-2008]

    Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults.

  14. [Lavicoli-2013]

    The Effects of Nanomaterials as Endocrine Disruptors.

  15. [Bernatsky-2016]

    Fine particulate air pollution, nitrogen dioxide, and systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease in Calgary, Alberta.

  16. [Chao-2017]

    Exposure to PM2.5 causes genetic changes in fetal rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

  17. [Ambroz-2016]

    Impact of air pollution on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in mothers and their newborns.

  18. [Hamra-2014]

    Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

  19. [Herndon-2015]

    Evidence of Coal-Fly-Ash Toxic Chemical Geoengineering in the Troposphere: Consequences for Public Health

  20. [Herndon-2016]

    Human and Environmental Dangers Posed by Ongoing Global Tropospheric Aerosolized Particulates for Weather Modification.

  21. [Cheng-2010]

    Chemical Composition of Aerosols from Kerosene Heaters Burning Jet Fuels.

License

Copyright (C) 2012-2017 Etienne Robillard

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document Under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".



See you in space cowboy

"I am free, no matter what rules surround me. If I find them tolerable, I tolerate them; if I find them too obnoxious, I break them. I am free because I know that I alone am morally responsible for everything I do." -Robert A. Heinlein

"The essence of the independent mind lies not in what it thinks, but in how it thinks." ― Christopher Hitchens

"Now let us consider another kind of drug – still undiscovered, but probably just around the corner – a drug capable of making people feel happy in situations where they would normally feel miserable. Such a drug would be a blessing, but a blessing fraught with grave political dangers. By making harmless chemical euphoria freely available, a dictator could reconcile an entire population to a state of affairs to which self-respecting human beings ought not to be reconciled. Despots have always found it necessary to supplement force by political or religious propaganda. In this sense the pen is mightier than the sword. But mightier than either the pen or the sword is the pill. In mental hospitals it has been found that chemical restraint is far more effective than strait jackets or psychiatry. The dictatorships of tomorrow will deprive men of their freedom, but will give them in exchange a happiness none the less real, as a subjective experience, for being chemically induced. The pursuit of happiness is one of the traditional rights of man; unfortunately, the achievement of happiness may turn out to be incompatible with another of man's rights – liberty." - Aldous Huxley

"Under our noses, over our heads, hidden in plain sight..." - Anonymous