User:Jarle Pahr/Stringent response
Notes on the bacterial stringent reponse.
Indution of stringent response
The stringent response can be inducted by several methods, which increase levels of (p)ppGpp either directly or indirectly.
- Overexpression of ppGpp synthetase (ex. RelA, RelSeq).
- Valine treatmet (E. coli K-12)
- Antibiotics.
Definitions
Dalebroux and Swanson 2012: "A stress response coordinated by guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate, in which cells rapidly inhibit synthesis of stable RNA, ribosomes and proteins, leading to growth arrest."
Bibliography
Mendeley article collection: groups/842261/stringent-response/papers/
Key papers
Original discovery of ppGpp: Mike Cashel and Jonathan Gallant. Nature 221 838-841, 1975. Two Compounds implicated in the Function of the RC Gene of Escherichia coli.
Direct relevance
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00327920
Cell cycle synchronization of E. coli using the stringent response, with fluorescence labeling assays for DNA content and replication: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746677/
Amino Acid Starvation in Escherichia coli K-12: Characteristics of the Translation Process: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC233124/pdf/jbacter00319-0030.pdf
Tetracycline Modulates the Valine Induced Stringent Response and Decreases Expressed RpoS in Escherichia coli. http://www.microbiology.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/roles/drupal_ungrad/JEMI/15/JEMI15_117-124.pdf
Ann. Rev genetics 1979. http://www.its.caltech.edu/~skopf/ESE_Bi168/files/GALLANT_1979_STRINGENT%20CONTROL%20IN%20ESCHERICHIA-COLI.pdf
When times are good and when times are bad: http://www.gs.washington.edu/academics/courses/manoil/former/41108/lecture/lectureMarch7.pdf
Sternberg et al. 1999. Distribution of Bacterial Growth Activity in Flow-Chamber Biofilms: http://aem.asm.org/content/65/9/4108.full
Ferullo DJ, Lovett ST (2008) The Stringent Response and Cell Cycle Arrest in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet 4(12): e1000300. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000300 http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000300
Potrykus & Cashel 2008. (p)ppGpp: still magical? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454629
Traxler et al. 2008. The global, ppGpp-mediated stringent response to amino acid starvation in Escherichia coli.: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18430135
See also http://stringentresponse.blogspot.no/2011/02/kinetics-of-stringent-response-revealed.html
Traxler et al. 2011: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073637/
Intramolecular Regulation of the Opposing (p)ppGpp Catalytic Activities of RelSeq, the Rel/Spo Enzyme from Streptococcus equisimilis: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135074/
ppGpp Conjures Bacterial Virulence: http://mmbr.asm.org/content/74/2/171.full
The RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) Superfamily: Distribution and Functional Evolution of ppGpp Synthetases and Hydrolases across the Tree of Life: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153485/
Chiang et al. 2011: On the Limited Role of
relA
in Kanamycin and Amino Acid
Starvation Induced Stringency
and Subsequent Antibiotic Cross-
protection in
Escherichia coli http://www.microbiology.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/roles/drupal_ungrad/JEMI/15/JEMI15_59-63.pdf
A Proximal Promoter Element Required for Positive Transcriptional Control by ppGpp and DksA during the Stringent Response: http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2013/06/07/jbc.M113.479998.full.pdf
1960s
1968. Isolation of "Relaxed" Mutants of Escherichia coli N. FIIL AND J.D. FRIESEN': http://jb.asm.org/content/95/2/729.full.pdf
Amino Acid Regulation of the Rates of Synthesis and Chain Elongation of Ribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli. Robert M. Winslow and Robert A. Lazzarini. June 25, 1969 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, 3387-3392: http://www.jbc.org/content/244/12/3387.full.pdf+html
Contains the quote. "Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the stringent response (reviewed in Reference 2)." with reference to Edlin G and Broda P, Bacteriol Rev 32, 206 (1968).
Molecular and General Genetics MGG November 1987, Volume 210, Issue 1, pp 1-4 Hierarchy of the strength of Escherichia coli stringent control signals: http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF00337750.pdf
Shared control of gene expression in bacteria by transcription factors and global physiology of the cell:
http://www.nature.com/msb/journal/v9/n1/full/msb201270.html?WT.mc_id=%20TOC_MSB_13
Indirect and suboptimal control of gene expression is widespread in bacteria: http://www.nature.com
/msb/journal/v9/n1/full/msb201316.html?WT.mc_id=%20TOC_MSB_13
Dissecting specific and global transcriptional regulation of bacterial gene expression: http://www.nature.com/msb/journal/v9/n1/full/msb201314.html?WT.mc_id=%20TOC_MSB_13
Evaluation of the E. coli ribosomal rrnB P1 promoter and phage-derived lysis genes for the use in a biological containment system: A concept study. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168165695000039
Reviews
(p)ppGpp: still magical? :http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454629
Jain 2006. ppGpp: stringent response and survival: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554711
Dalebroux and Swanson. ppGpp - maginc beyond RNA polymerase. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v10/n3/full/nrmicro2720.html
Bacterial lifestyle shapes stringent response activation
Bacterial nucleotide-based second messengers: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318291
http://www.horizonpress.com/jmmb/v3/v3n4/12.pdf
Cashel 1975. Regulation of Bacterial ppGpp and pppGpp. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.29.100175.001505
Bacterial lifestyle shapes stringent response activation: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419217
Persons
Mike Cashel and J Gallant
F C Neidhardt.
Timeline
The first chronological hit for the search term "Stringent response" in Google Scholar is the article "Effects of amino acid starvation upon constitutive tryptophan messenger RNA synthesis". John D. Stubbs†, Benjamin D. Hall. Journal of Molecular Biology Volume 37, Issue 2, 28 October 1968, Pages 303–312
