User:Olivia Wons/Notebook/Biology 210 at AU

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February 7, 2016

Exercise 4: Identifying and Studying Plants

Part 1:

Five Plants and Location within Transect:

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  • images of plants described in table above

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  • The genus of all five plants is angiosperm
  • There were no ferns collected of the 5 different plants

Plants #2 and #4 showed evidence of flowers

Part 2:

  • Fungi sporangia are spores located on the fungi and occur when hyphae grow in the upward direction and then create black, small sphere-like spores. This usually occurs throughout a fungi's lifecycle. The Fungi sporangia are important because sporangia are the origin of meiosis, which produce haploid spores what are genetically distinct.

Fungi Samples: 1.) Black bread mold: fungi, belongs to zygomycota group 2.) Mushroom: fungi, belongs to basidiomycota group 3.) Fungus on Seeds: zygotmycota group

  • Mushroom in more detail
  • hand drawn picture of mushroom

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  • This mushroom is a grayish/brown color with a smooth top. When sliced in half the inside detail of the mushroom is seen as in the picture. The mushroom has fan like slits that are in the middle of the mushroom which go up and down and are all parallel to one another. This creates a texture to the inside of the mushroom which ads a rough component to the appearance as well.
  • below is a picture of the mushroom from ariel view as well as a picture from under the observation microscope.

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January 31, 2106

Exercise 3: Identifying and Studying Bacteria

Part 1:

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After observing both plates with and without antibiotics, it was shown that plates not containing antibiotics had a substantial greater amount of colonies than the antibiotic plants. They both decreased in colonies in plate as the dilution increased. This indicates that the antibiotic plates containing tetracycline were effective at preventing the development of bacteria growth. The effect of tetracycline decreased the number of bacteria growth by nearly 20 times as much. It's difficult to identify exactly how many species are unaffected by tetracycline, but about 10 different species seemed to appear on the tetracycline plates than those who don't.

Part 2:

Tetracycline inhibits protein synthesis (Chopra). It protects against many gram positive and negative bacteria and atypical organisms(Chopra). Some bacteria that are typically sensitive and resistant to tetracycline are staphylococcal, streptococcal, and pneumococcal bacteria (Klajn).

Sources:

Chopra, Ian, and Marilyn Roberts. "Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. American Society for Microbiology, June 2001. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99026/>.

Klajn, Rafal. "Antimicrobial Properties." Tetracycline. Institute of Organic Chemistry, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. <http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/tetracycline/antimicr.htm>.

Part 3:

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January 15, 2016

Exercise 1: Examining Biological Life at AU

General Characteristics: -Location: Transect 4 is located in front of the Gray Hall Entrance behind both the library and the SIS building. On the day of observation it was sunny but very frigid. -Topography: The 20x20 transect included a walkway with stepping stones, a fish pond area, a sitting bench, trees and bushes surrounding the designated walk space and small fish pond, and rocks surrounding the fish pond which were both real and fake. Soil, twigs, branches, acorns, and grass make up the ground. Three trees and three bushes are included throughout the area and surround the pond area. This transect is a wildlife observation area.

Ariel View Diagram:

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Key for Ariel View Diagram:

  • 1=Benches
  • 2=Fish pond
  • 3=Rocks surrounding pond
  • 4=Stepping stone pathway
  • 5=Tree's
  • 6=Flower bushes
  • 7= Tall weed grass
  • 8=Twig bushes
  • 9=Grass

Biotic:

  • NOTE: Use numbers as reference for location in the ariel view diagram
  • Trees (5)
  • Flower Bush (6)
  • Twig Bush (8)
  • Grass (9)
  • Fish (locate in pond #2)
  • Water (in pond #2)

Abiotic:

  • NOTE: Use numbers as reference for location in the ariel view diagram-Soil (Dispersed all throughout the 20x20 transect)
  • Acorns (Dispersed all throughout the 20x20 transect)
  • Laves (Dispersed all throughout the 20x20 transect)
  • Rocks (3)
  • Stepping Stone (4)
  • Benches (1)
  • Garden Statue (south corner of pond on rock)
  • Wildlife sign (Past the furthest tree on the southeast side)

Additional Photos of Transect:


http://openwetware.org/images/e/e5/IMG_6133.JPG

  • stepping stones, benches, and twig bushes

http://openwetware.org/images/b/b9/IMG_6125.JPG

  • bench, tree, flower bushes, pond, rocks

http://openwetware.org/images/2/27/IMG_6107.JPG

  • grass, leaves, twig branches

http://openwetware.org/images/3/34/IMG_6115.JPG

  • tree, flower bushes, pond, rocks, bench

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  • weed grass, bushes, rocks

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  • pond, rocks, weed grass, flower bushes


January 24, 2016

Exercise 2: Hay Infusion Culture Observations

1.) The hay infusion culture collected from transect 4 smelled of decomposing feces. It also had a very dump/trash like smell. Its appearance looked of old murky water. The leaves, plants, grass, and dirt in the culture looked very wilted.

2.) On top of the culture was a white fuzzy mold like film showing some apparent life on the surface.

3) When drawing samples from the culture to determine two differing niches, niche one was located on the surface of the culture next to a tall piece of grass. Alternatively, niche two was located on the bottom of the culture next to a flower petal. Organisms may vary at different locations in the culture or next to different plants/leaves because organisms can be more adapted to certain environments than others. Some organisms may flourish or be more adapted in a bottom dweller environment in the culture next to a flower petal, while some other organisms may function better at the surface of the culture with grass surroundings.

4.) Protists and Algae present in culture:

5.) The volvox meets all the needs of life because it shares the five fundamental characteristics. The volvox acquires and uses energy through photosynthesis because it absorbs light. Additionally, the Volvox is made of cells and is a eukaryotic protist that has organelles like protests and cilia. Volvox also contain genes and can replicate to form new Volvox sharing similar genes. Volvox replicate by coming to a stage where they lose motility and divide continuously during the reproductive phase. Lastly, Volvox continue to generate new cells in different types and sizes showing that the organism is a product of evolution and therefore meeting the five fundamental characteristics of life.

6.) If the hay infusion culture continued to grow for two months it would differ greatly from what it is currently. For organisms that are living in the appropriate environment they would continue to grow and most likely explore other niches of the culture. Because of this, some organisms would adapt to new environments and become fit for that environment, however other organisms may die off if not fit for new environments within the culture. Therefore, some organisms may dominate certain niches in the culture more than others. Instead of finding three or more different organisms in one niche, in two months it could be fewer organisms living in specific niches. The more organisms become more adventurous in exploring their surrounding environments, the more likely they are to die off or spread throughout the entire culture.

Exercise 2: Preparing and Plating Serial Dilutions

  • Serial Dilution Procedure

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