User:Timothee Flutre/Notebook/Postdoc/2011/12/14: Difference between revisions
(→Learn about mixture models and the EM algorithm: rewrite comp lik) |
m (→Learn about mixture models and the EM algorithm: rmv bad examples) |
||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
''(Caution, this is my own quick-and-dirty tutorial, see the references at the end for presentations by professional statisticians.)'' | ''(Caution, this is my own quick-and-dirty tutorial, see the references at the end for presentations by professional statisticians.)'' | ||
* '''Motivation''': a large part of any scientific activity is about measuring things, in other words collecting data, and it is not infrequent to collect ''heterogeneous'' data | * '''Motivation''': a large part of any scientific activity is about measuring things, in other words collecting data, and it is not infrequent to collect ''heterogeneous'' data. It seems therefore natural to say that the samples come from a mixture of clusters. The aim is thus to recover from the data, ie. to infer, (i) how many clusters there are, (ii) what are the features of these clusters, and (ii) from which cluster each sample comes from. | ||
* '''Data''': we have N observations, noted <math>X = (x_1, x_2, ..., x_N)</math>. For the moment, we suppose that each observation <math>x_i</math> is univariate, ie. each corresponds to only one number. | * '''Data''': we have N observations, noted <math>X = (x_1, x_2, ..., x_N)</math>. For the moment, we suppose that each observation <math>x_i</math> is univariate, ie. each corresponds to only one number. | ||
* '''Hypothesis''': let's assume that the data are heterogeneous and that they can be partitioned into <math>K</math> clusters ( | * '''Hypothesis''': let's assume that the data are heterogeneous and that they can be partitioned into <math>K</math> clusters (in this document, we suppose that <math>K</math> is known). This means that we expect a subset of the observations to come from cluster <math>k=1</math>, another subset to come from cluster <math>k=2</math>, and so on. | ||
* '''Model''': technically, we say that the observations were generated according to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function density function] <math>f</math>. More precisely, this density is itself a mixture of densities, one per cluster. In our case, we will assume that each cluster <math>k</math> corresponds to a Normal distribution, which density is here noted <math>g</math>, with mean <math>\mu_k</math> and standard deviation <math>\sigma_k</math>. Moreover, as we don't know for sure from which cluster a given observation comes from, we define the mixture weight <math>w_k</math> to be the probability that any given observation comes from cluster <math>k</math>. As a result, we have the following list of parameters: <math>\theta=(w_1,...,w_K,\mu_1,...\mu_K,\sigma_1,...,\sigma_K)</math>. Finally, for a given observation <math>x_i</math>, we can write the model: | * '''Model''': technically, we say that the observations were generated according to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function density function] <math>f</math>. More precisely, this density is itself a mixture of densities, one per cluster. In our case, we will assume that each cluster <math>k</math> corresponds to a Normal distribution, which density is here noted <math>g</math>, with mean <math>\mu_k</math> and standard deviation <math>\sigma_k</math>. Moreover, as we don't know for sure from which cluster a given observation comes from, we define the mixture weight <math>w_k</math> to be the probability that any given observation comes from cluster <math>k</math>. As a result, we have the following list of parameters: <math>\theta=(w_1,...,w_K,\mu_1,...\mu_K,\sigma_1,...,\sigma_K)</math>. Finally, for a given observation <math>x_i</math>, we can write the model: | ||
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
<math>\forall k, w_k > 0</math> and <math>\sum_{k=1}^K w_k = 1</math> | <math>\forall k, w_k > 0</math> and <math>\sum_{k=1}^K w_k = 1</math> | ||
* '''Missing data''': it is worth noting that a big piece of information is lacking here. We aim at finding the parameters defining the mixture, but we don't know from which cluster each observation is coming! That's why | * '''Missing data''': it is worth noting that a big piece of information is lacking here. We aim at finding the parameters defining the mixture, but we don't know from which cluster each observation is coming! That's why it is useful to introduce the following N [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_variable latent variables] <math>Z_1,...,Z_i,...,Z_N</math>, one for each observation, such that <math>Z_i=k</math> means that observation <math>x_i</math> belongs to cluster <math>k</math> ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_variable_%28statistics%29 indicators]). This is called the "missing data formulation" of the mixture model. Thanks to this, we can reinterpret the mixture weights: <math>w_k = P(Z_i=k/\theta)</math>. Moreover, we can now define the membership probabilities, one for each observation: | ||
<math>p(k/i) = P(Z_i=k/x_i,\theta) = \frac{w_k g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\sum_{l=1}^K w_l g(x_i/\mu_l,\sigma_l)}</math> | <math>p(k/i) = P(Z_i=k/x_i,\theta) = \frac{w_k g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\sum_{l=1}^K w_l g(x_i/\mu_l,\sigma_l)}</math> |
Revision as of 10:17, 11 January 2012
Project name | <html><img src="/images/9/94/Report.png" border="0" /></html> Main project page <html><img src="/images/c/c3/Resultset_previous.png" border="0" /></html>Previous entry<html> </html>Next entry<html><img src="/images/5/5c/Resultset_next.png" border="0" /></html> |
Learn about mixture models and the EM algorithm(Caution, this is my own quick-and-dirty tutorial, see the references at the end for presentations by professional statisticians.)
[math]\displaystyle{ f(x_i/\theta) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} w_k g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} w_k \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \sigma_k} \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x_i - \mu_k}{\sigma_k})^2 \right) }[/math] The constraints are: [math]\displaystyle{ \forall k, w_k \gt 0 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \sum_{k=1}^K w_k = 1 }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ p(k/i) = P(Z_i=k/x_i,\theta) = \frac{w_k g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\sum_{l=1}^K w_l g(x_i/\mu_l,\sigma_l)} }[/math] We can now write the complete likelihood, ie. the likelihood of the augmented model, assuming all observations are independent: [math]\displaystyle{ L_{comp}(\theta) = P(X,Z/\theta) = P(X/Z,\theta) P(Z/\theta) = \left( \prod_{i=1}^N \sum_{k=1}^K \mathbf{1}_{\{z_i=k\}} g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k) \right) \prod_{i=1}^N P(Z_i/\theta) }[/math]. And also the incomplete (or marginal) likelihood: [math]\displaystyle{ L_{incomp}(\theta) = P(X/\theta) = \prod_{i=1}^N f(x_i/\theta) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ l(\theta) = log(L_{incomp}(\theta)) = \sum_{i=1}^N log(f(x_i/\theta)) = \sum_{i=1}^N log \left( \sum_{k=1}^{K} w_k \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \sigma_k} \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x_i - \mu_k}{\sigma_k})^2 \right) \right) }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial l(\theta)}{\partial \mu_k} = \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{f(x_i/\theta)} \frac{\partial f(x_i/\theta)}{\partial \mu_k} }[/math] As we derive with respect to [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_k }[/math], all the others means [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_l }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ l \ne k }[/math] are constant, and thus disappear: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial f(x_i/\theta)}{\partial \mu_k} = w_k \frac{\partial g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\partial \mu_k} }[/math] And finally: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\partial \mu_k} = \frac{\mu_k - x_i}{\sigma_k^2} g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k) }[/math] Once we put all together, we end up with: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial l(\theta)}{\partial \mu_k} = \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{\sigma^2} \frac{w_k g(x_i/\mu_k,\sigma_k)}{\sum_{l=1}^K w_l g(x_i/\mu_l,\sigma_l)} (\mu_k - x_i) = \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{\sigma^2} p(k/i) (\mu_k - x_i) }[/math] By convention, we note [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{\mu_k} }[/math] the maximum-likelihood estimate of [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_k }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial l(\theta)}{\partial \mu_k}_{\mu_k=\hat{\mu_k}} = 0 }[/math] Therefore, we finally obtain: [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{\mu_k} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i) x_i}{\sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i)} }[/math] By doing the same kind of algebra, we derive the log-likelihood w.r.t. [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_k }[/math]: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial l(\theta)}{\partial \sigma_k} = \sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i) (\frac{-1}{\sigma_k} + \frac{(x_i - \mu_k)^2}{\sigma_k^3}) }[/math] And then we obtain the ML estimates for the standard deviation of each cluster: [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{\sigma_k} = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i) (x_i - \mu_k)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i)}} }[/math] The partial derivative of [math]\displaystyle{ l(\theta) }[/math] w.r.t. [math]\displaystyle{ w_k }[/math] is tricky. ... <TO DO> ... [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{\partial l(\theta)}{\partial w_k} = \sum_{i=1}^N (p(k/i) - w_k) }[/math] Finally, here are the ML estimates for the mixture weights: [math]\displaystyle{ \hat{w}_k = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N p(k/i) }[/math]
#' Generate univariate observations from a mixture of Normals #' #' @param K number of components #' @param N number of observations #' @param gap difference between all component means GetUnivariateSimulatedData <- function(K=2, N=100, gap=6){ mus <- seq(0, gap*(K-1), gap) sigmas <- runif(n=K, min=0.5, max=1.5) tmp <- floor(rnorm(n=K-1, mean=floor(N/K), sd=5)) ns <- c(tmp, N - sum(tmp)) clusters <- as.factor(matrix(unlist(lapply(1:K, function(k){rep(k, ns[k])})), ncol=1)) obs <- matrix(unlist(lapply(1:K, function(k){ rnorm(n=ns[k], mean=mus[k], sd=sigmas[k]) }))) new.order <- sample(1:N, N) obs <- obs[new.order] rownames(obs) <- NULL clusters <- clusters[new.order] return(list(obs=obs, clusters=clusters, mus=mus, sigmas=sigmas, mix.weights=ns/N)) }
#' Return probas of latent variables given data and parameters from previous iteration #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param params list which components are mus, sigmas and mix.weights Estep <- function(data, params){ GetMembershipProbas(data, params$mus, params$sigmas, params$mix.weights) } #' Return the membership probabilities P(zi=k/xi,theta) #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param mus Kx1 vector of means #' @param sigmas Kx1 vector of std deviations #' @param mix.weights Kx1 vector of mixture weights w_k=P(zi=k/theta) #' @return NxK matrix of membership probas GetMembershipProbas <- function(data, mus, sigmas, mix.weights){ N <- length(data) K <- length(mus) tmp <- matrix(unlist(lapply(1:N, function(i){ x <- data[i] norm.const <- sum(unlist(Map(function(mu, sigma, mix.weight){ mix.weight * GetUnivariateNormalDensity(x, mu, sigma)}, mus, sigmas, mix.weights))) unlist(Map(function(mu, sigma, mix.weight){ mix.weight * GetUnivariateNormalDensity(x, mu, sigma) / norm.const }, mus[-K], sigmas[-K], mix.weights[-K])) })), ncol=K-1, byrow=TRUE) membership.probas <- cbind(tmp, apply(tmp, 1, function(x){1 - sum(x)})) names(membership.probas) <- NULL return(membership.probas) } #' Univariate Normal density GetUnivariateNormalDensity <- function(x, mu, sigma){ return( 1/(sigma * sqrt(2*pi)) * exp(-1/(2*sigma^2)*(x-mu)^2) ) }
#' Return ML estimates of parameters #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param params list which components are mus, sigmas and mix.weights #' @param membership.probas NxK matrix with entry i,k being P(zi=k/xi,theta) Mstep <- function(data, params, membership.probas){ params.new <- list() sum.membership.probas <- apply(membership.probas, 2, sum) params.new$mus <- GetMlEstimMeans(data, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas) params.new$sigmas <- GetMlEstimStdDevs(data, params.new$mus, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas) params.new$mix.weights <- GetMlEstimMixWeights(data, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas) return(params.new) } #' Return ML estimates of the means (1 per cluster) #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param membership.probas NxK matrix with entry i,k being P(zi=k/xi,theta) #' @param sum.membership.probas Kx1 vector of sum per column of matrix above #' @return Kx1 vector of means GetMlEstimMeans <- function(data, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas){ K <- ncol(membership.probas) sapply(1:K, function(k){ sum(unlist(Map("*", membership.probas[,k], data))) / sum.membership.probas[k] }) } #' Return ML estimates of the std deviations (1 per cluster) #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param membership.probas NxK matrix with entry i,k being P(zi=k/xi,theta) #' @param sum.membership.probas Kx1 vector of sum per column of matrix above #' @return Kx1 vector of std deviations GetMlEstimStdDevs <- function(data, means, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas){ K <- ncol(membership.probas) sapply(1:K, function(k){ sqrt(sum(unlist(Map(function(p_ki, x_i){ p_ki * (x_i - means[k])^2 }, membership.probas[,k], data))) / sum.membership.probas[k]) }) } #' Return ML estimates of the mixture weights #' #' @param data Nx1 vector of observations #' @param membership.probas NxK matrix with entry i,k being P(zi=k/xi,theta) #' @param sum.membership.probas Kx1 vector of sum per column of matrix above #' @return Kx1 vector of mixture weights GetMlEstimMixWeights <- function(data, membership.probas, sum.membership.probas){ K <- ncol(membership.probas) sapply(1:K, function(k){ 1/length(data) * sum.membership.probas[k] }) }
... <TO DO> ...
## simulate data K <- 3 N <- 300 simul <- GetUnivariateSimulatedData(K, N) data <- simul$obs ## run the EM algorithm params0 <- list(mus=runif(n=K, min=min(data), max=max(data)), sigmas=rep(1, K), mix.weights=rep(1/K, K)) res <- EMalgo(data, params0, 10^(-3), 1000, 1) ## check its convergence plot(res$logliks, xlab="iterations", ylab="log-likelihood", main="Convergence of the EM algorithm", type="b") ## plot the data along with the inferred densities png("mixture_univar_em.png") hist(data, breaks=30, freq=FALSE, col="grey", border="white", ylim=c(0,0.15), main="Histogram of data overlaid with densities inferred by EM") rx <- seq(from=min(data), to=max(data), by=0.1) ds <- lapply(1:K, function(k){dnorm(x=rx, mean=res$params$mus[k], sd=res$params$sigmas[k])}) f <- sapply(1:length(rx), function(i){ res$params$mix.weights[1] * ds[[1]][i] + res$params$mix.weights[2] * ds[[2]][i] + res$params$mix.weights[3] * ds[[3]][i] }) lines(rx, f, col="red", lwd=2) dev.off() It seems to work well, which was expected as the clusters are well separated from each other... The classification of each observation can be obtained via the following command: ## get the classification of the observations memberships <- apply(res$membership.probas, 1, function(x){which(x > 0.5)}) table(memberships)
|