User:Timothy L. Foley/Notebook/refolding matrix/2009/10/13: Difference between revisions

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| TCEP||250||g/mol||0.5||M||10||mL||1.25||g
| TCEP||250||g/mol||0.5||M||10||mL||1.25||g
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=Matrix=
The above conditions were paired in "Custom Design" of JMP-IN as follows:
pH: 5 level Categorical
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Buffer #'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''pH'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''detergent'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''amino acids'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''salt'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''crowders'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''divalent cation'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''GnCl'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''BSA'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Ligand'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''reducing agent'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Y'''
|-
| 1||5.5 MES||none||none||low||PEG||1||0||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 2||5.5 MES||none||none||high||none||0||0||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 3||5.5 MES||none||none||high||PEG||0||0||0||1||none||
|-
| 4||5.5 MES||none||Arg||none||PEG||1||0||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 5||5.5 MES||none||Glut||low||Glycerol||1||0||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 6||5.5 MES||TritonX||Arg||none||Glycerol||1||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 7||5.5 MES||TritonX||Arg||high||none||0||0||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 8||5.5 MES||TritonX||Glut||none||PEG||0||0||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 9||5.5 MES||TritonX||Glut||low||none||0||1||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 10||5.5 MES||TritonX||Glut||low||Glycerol||0||1||0||1||none||
|-
| 11||5.5 MES||Tween80||none||low||Glycerol||1||1||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 12||5.5 MES||Tween80||Arg||low||none||0||0||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 13||5.5 MES||Tween80||Arg||high||Glycerol||0||1||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 14||5.5 MES||Tween80||Glut||none||Glycerol||1||1||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 15||5.5 MES||Tween80||Glut||high||PEG||0||1||1||1||none||
|-
| 16||5.5 MES||CHAPS||none||low||none||0||1||0||0||none||
|-
| 17||5.5 MES||CHAPS||none||high||none||0||1||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 18||5.5 MES||CHAPS||none||high||none||1||1||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 19||5.5 MES||CHAPS||Arg||none||PEG||1||0||0||0||none||
|-
| 20||5.5 MES||CHAPS||Glut||none||Glycerol||1||1||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 21||6.5 MES||none||none||none||none||1||0||0||1||none||
|-
| 22||6.5 MES||none||none||none||Glycerol||0||1||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 23||6.5 MES||none||Arg||low||none||1||1||1||1||none||
|-
| 24||6.5 MES||none||Arg||high||PEG||1||1||1||0||none||
|-
| 25||6.5 MES||none||Glut||low||Glycerol||1||0||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 26||6.5 MES||TritonX||none||none||Glycerol||1||0||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 27||6.5 MES||TritonX||Arg||low||PEG||0||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 28||6.5 MES||TritonX||Arg||high||Glycerol||0||0||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 29||6.5 MES||TritonX||Glut||low||none||1||1||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 30||6.5 MES||TritonX||Glut||high||Glycerol||1||1||0||1||none||
|-
| 31||6.5 MES||Tween80||none||none||none||0||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 32||6.5 MES||Tween80||none||low||PEG||1||0||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 33||6.5 MES||Tween80||none||low||PEG||1||0||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 34||6.5 MES||Tween80||Arg||none||PEG||0||1||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 35||6.5 MES||Tween80||Glut||high||none||0||0||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 36||6.5 MES||CHAPS||none||high||Glycerol||0||1||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 37||6.5 MES||CHAPS||Arg||high||PEG||1||1||1||0||none||
|-
| 38||6.5 MES||CHAPS||Arg||high||Glycerol||0||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 39||6.5 MES||CHAPS||Glut||none||none||1||1||0||1||none||
|-
| 40||6.5 MES||CHAPS||Glut||low||PEG||0||0||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 41||7.5 HEPES||none||none||low||PEG||0||1||0||1||none||
|-
| 42||7.5 HEPES||none||Arg||high||none||0||0||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 43||7.5 HEPES||none||Arg||high||Glycerol||0||1||0||0||none||
|-
| 44||7.5 HEPES||none||Glut||none||PEG||0||1||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 45||7.5 HEPES||none||Glut||high||Glycerol||0||0||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 46||7.5 HEPES||TritonX||none||none||none||0||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 47||7.5 HEPES||TritonX||none||none||none||1||0||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 48||7.5 HEPES||TritonX||Arg||low||PEG||0||0||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 49||7.5 HEPES||TritonX||Arg||low||Glycerol||1||1||1||0||none||
|-
| 50||7.5 HEPES||TritonX||Glut||high||PEG||1||1||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 51||7.5 HEPES||Tween80||none||none||Glycerol||1||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 52||7.5 HEPES||Tween80||none||low||PEG||0||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 53||7.5 HEPES||Tween80||none||low||PEG||1||1||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 54||7.5 HEPES||Tween80||Glut||none||none||1||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 55||7.5 HEPES||Tween80||Glut||high||none||1||0||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 56||7.5 HEPES||CHAPS||none||low||Glycerol||0||1||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 57||7.5 HEPES||CHAPS||Arg||none||Glycerol||1||1||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 58||7.5 HEPES||CHAPS||Arg||low||none||0||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 59||7.5 HEPES||CHAPS||Glut||high||PEG||1||0||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 60||8.2 Tris||none||none||high||PEG||0||0||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 61||8.2 Tris||none||Arg||none||none||1||1||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 62||8.2 Tris||none||Glut||none||none||0||0||1||1||none||
|-
| 63||8.2 Tris||none||Glut||low||none||0||1||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 64||8.2 Tris||none||Glut||low||Glycerol||1||1||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 65||8.2 Tris||TritonX||none||low||PEG||1||1||1||1||none||
|-
| 66||8.2 Tris||TritonX||none||high||Glycerol||1||0||1||0||none||
|-
| 67||8.2 Tris||TritonX||Arg||high||PEG||1||1||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 68||8.2 Tris||TritonX||Glut||high||PEG||0||1||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 69||8.2 Tris||Tween80||none||high||none||1||1||0||0||none||
|-
| 70||8.2 Tris||Tween80||Arg||low||Glycerol||0||1||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 71||8.2 Tris||Tween80||Arg||high||Glycerol||1||0||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 72||8.2 Tris||Tween80||Glut||none||Glycerol||0||0||0||1||none||
|-
| 73||8.2 Tris||CHAPS||none||low||none||1||0||0||0||none||
|-
| 74||8.2 Tris||CHAPS||none||low||Glycerol||0||0||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 75||8.2 Tris||CHAPS||Arg||none||none||0||1||0||0||DTT||
|-
| 76||8.2 Tris||CHAPS||Arg||none||PEG||1||0||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 77||8.2 Tris||CHAPS||Glut||none||PEG||0||0||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 78||9.2 CHES||none||none||none||Glycerol||1||1||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 79||9.2 CHES||none||Arg||none||PEG||0||1||1||0||none||
|-
| 80||9.2 CHES||none||Arg||low||none||1||1||0||1||TCEP||
|-
| 81||9.2 CHES||none||Glut||high||Glycerol||1||0||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 82||9.2 CHES||TritonX||none||none||none||0||0||0||0||TCEP||
|-
| 83||9.2 CHES||TritonX||none||none||Glycerol||0||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 84||9.2 CHES||TritonX||none||high||PEG||1||0||1||0||DTT||
|-
| 85||9.2 CHES||TritonX||Arg||low||none||1||1||1||1||DTT||
|-
| 86||9.2 CHES||TritonX||Glut||low||none||0||0||0||0||none||
|-
| 87||9.2 CHES||Tween80||none||high||PEG||0||1||0||0||none||
|-
| 88||9.2 CHES||Tween80||Arg||low||none||1||0||1||0||TCEP||
|-
| 89||9.2 CHES||Tween80||Arg||low||Glycerol||0||0||0||0||none||
|-
| 90||9.2 CHES||Tween80||Glut||none||PEG||0||1||0||0||none||
|-
| 91||9.2 CHES||Tween80||Glut||high||none||1||0||1||0||none||
|-
| 92||9.2 CHES||CHAPS||none||high||Glycerol||1||1||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 93||9.2 CHES||CHAPS||Arg||none||PEG||0||0||0||1||DTT||
|-
| 94||9.2 CHES||CHAPS||Glut||low||PEG||1||0||1||0||none||
|-
| 95||9.2 CHES||CHAPS||Glut||low||Glycerol||0||0||1||1||TCEP||
|-
| 96||9.2 CHES||CHAPS||Glut||high||none||1||1||1||1||TCEP||
|-
|-
|  
|  

Revision as of 17:19, 13 October 2009

Refolding Matrix <html><img src="/images/9/94/Report.png" border="0" /></html> Main project page
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In the beginning there was Jack

getting started here... The background reading I have done that will weigh heavy today: The Pierce Refolding Kit Instructions[1] that detail the 9 buffer components in their kit, which are:

reducing agents
PEG
divalent cations
high [NaCl]
L-arginine
guanidinium chloride (GnCl)

also contained in the kit is an unreleased "Refolding Guide" that comes with the ProMatrix kit an is not available electronically... it would be nice to read this, but C'est la vie!


A paper on High throughput automated refolding [2] that describes a 96 well matrix of buffer conditions they developed for structural genomics projects for Mtb and Viruses.


Finally, Vertex Pharmaceuticals [3] fills the gaps and describes the use statistical software to generate a fractional factorial screen; application of light absorption to measure protein precipitation (λ 390nm); and most importantly statistical analysis of the data (both precipitation and enzyme activity)from the fractional factorial matrix to draw conclusions and further direct optimization.




Designing Our Matrix


The problem with any matrix report, is that they are packed full of misc. chemicals that are either not in house, or prohibitively expensive... it is my experience to find a way to furnish results that are desired first, then ask for $$$ chemicals to improve future experiments second...
This excludes:


all Non Detergent SulfoBetaines (NDSB's) that can or cannot be important
a-cyclodextrin and methyl-B-cyclodextrin (NB: B-cyclodextrin that we have in house is not soluble in H2O.)
fancy detergents (lauryl maltoside)
N-lauryl sarcosine (iFOLD kits)
FoldACEs (iFOLD series 3 kit)
disco reducing agents (BMC: bis-mercaptoacetamide cyclohexane)

additionally,

From Willis' [3] report, buffer pH, detergent, and NDSB 201 were important for some proteins,

So, our matrix will include an expansion of pH, and various detergents around that may or may not help (it's a screen for a reason) additives that are not NDSB's that may help, and some other stuff I like to hypothesize about.

The conditions we will screen follow:

pH/ Buffer
5.5 MES
6.5 MES
7.5 HEPES
8.2 TRIS
9.0 CHES

I replaced BORATE pH 9.5 from [3] with CHES to alleviate complications that will arise during reagent preparation, since borate is only marginally soluble in water, and cannot be prepared as a 10X stock (500 mM).


detergents/ concentration
triton X 100
tween 80
Chaps
none

NB: NONE is a category for all subsequent categories, because it must be included for matrix generation

reducing agents/ concentration
DTT
TCEP
none

additives:
arginine/asparate/none
divalent cations (2 Mg++/ 0.1 Ca++)
GnCl
Ligand
PEG 3350/Glycerol/Sucrose
BSA
NaCl/KCl (high ionic strength)


Why BSA? this is my screen, and a I want to try something wacky.

Stock Solutions

it is important to make sure that your stocks are at concentrations appropriate such that an all positive sample (e.g. one having all possible components) does not have a volume greater than your total volume for the experiment

here is the table I cooked up to figure out what "X" concentration I would need to make everything work, taking into account certain characteristics (e.g. if 20% glycerol will be the final concentration, then i cannot achieve more than a 5X stock solution)

component stock solution relative volume
Buffer 10X 10
detergent 100X 1
amino acids 5X 20
GnCl 10X 10
Ligand 10X 10
PEG 100X 1
Glycerol 5X 20
Salt MIX 10X 10
BSA 10X 10
Reducing agent 100X 1
total 93

NB: I used the totally wicked excel2wiki converter for the table code

so we are set.

component concentrations from [3] units interconversion
Buffer 50 mM
detergent 0.5 mM ~0.06%
amino acids 550 mM
GnCl 550 mM
Ligand 100 uM
PEG 0.06 %
Glycerol 20 %
Salt MIX 264/11 mM Na/K
BSA 10 mg/mL
Reducing agent 5 mM


stock solutions we will need:


stock solution concentration units
Buffer 500 mM
detergent 6 %
amino acids 5500 mM
GnCl 5500 mM
Ligand 1000 uM
PEG 6 %
Glycerol 100 %
Salt MIX 2640/110 mM Na/K
BSA 100 mg/mL
Reducing agent 500 mM

Buffers

Buffer molecular weight stock solution volume mass '
MES 195 500 50 4.875 g
HEPES 238.3 500 50 5.9575 g
TRIS 121.1 500 50 3.0275 g
CHES 207.3 500 50 5.1825 g

salt mix

high salt component stock conc units desired conc vol units volumes '
NaCl 5 M 2.64 50 mL 26.4 mL
KCl 4 M 0.11 50 mL 1.375 mL
water 22.225 mL
low salt
NaCl 5 M 0.264 50 mL 2.64 mL
KCl 4 M 0.011 50 mL 0.1375 mL
water 47.2225 mL

divalent cation mix

divalent cations ' ' stock ' vol tot ' vol '
MgCl2 200 mM 1 M 25 mL 5 mL
CaCl2 10 mM 1 M 25 mL 0.25 mL
total 5.25 mL
vol water 19.75 mL

detergents

detergents stock desired concentration stock (mL) water (mL)
TritonX 25 % 6 % 25 mL 6 19
Tween 80 20 % 6 % 25 mL 7.5 17.5
CHAPS 6 % 25 mL 1.5 g to 25

ligand

ligand stock ' desired ' vol ' stock (uL) ' water '
Ligand A 20 mM 1 mM 10 mL 500 uL 9.5 mL

amino acids

amino acid mw ' stock ' vol ' mass
L-glutamate 147 g/mol 5.5 M 50 mL 40.425
L-arginine 211 g/mol 5.5 M 50 mL 58.025

reducing agents

NB: stocks will be prepared without reducing agents! these should be added fresh every time

reducing agents mw ' stock ' vol ' mass '
DTT 155 g/mol 0.5 M 10 mL 0.775 g
TCEP 250 g/mol 0.5 M 10 mL 1.25 g

Matrix

The above conditions were paired in "Custom Design" of JMP-IN as follows: pH: 5 level Categorical

Buffer # pH detergent amino acids salt crowders divalent cation GnCl BSA Ligand reducing agent Y
1 5.5 MES none none low PEG 1 0 1 0 DTT
2 5.5 MES none none high none 0 0 0 0 DTT
3 5.5 MES none none high PEG 0 0 0 1 none
4 5.5 MES none Arg none PEG 1 0 0 1 TCEP
5 5.5 MES none Glut low Glycerol 1 0 1 0 TCEP
6 5.5 MES TritonX Arg none Glycerol 1 0 1 1 none
7 5.5 MES TritonX Arg high none 0 0 1 0 TCEP
8 5.5 MES TritonX Glut none PEG 0 0 1 0 DTT
9 5.5 MES TritonX Glut low none 0 1 0 1 DTT
10 5.5 MES TritonX Glut low Glycerol 0 1 0 1 none
11 5.5 MES Tween80 none low Glycerol 1 1 1 0 TCEP
12 5.5 MES Tween80 Arg low none 0 0 0 0 DTT
13 5.5 MES Tween80 Arg high Glycerol 0 1 1 1 TCEP
14 5.5 MES Tween80 Glut none Glycerol 1 1 0 1 TCEP
15 5.5 MES Tween80 Glut high PEG 0 1 1 1 none
16 5.5 MES CHAPS none low none 0 1 0 0 none
17 5.5 MES CHAPS none high none 0 1 1 1 TCEP
18 5.5 MES CHAPS none high none 1 1 0 1 DTT
19 5.5 MES CHAPS Arg none PEG 1 0 0 0 none
20 5.5 MES CHAPS Glut none Glycerol 1 1 1 0 DTT
21 6.5 MES none none none none 1 0 0 1 none
22 6.5 MES none none none Glycerol 0 1 1 0 DTT
23 6.5 MES none Arg low none 1 1 1 1 none
24 6.5 MES none Arg high PEG 1 1 1 0 none
25 6.5 MES none Glut low Glycerol 1 0 1 1 DTT
26 6.5 MES TritonX none none Glycerol 1 0 0 0 TCEP
27 6.5 MES TritonX Arg low PEG 0 1 1 1 DTT
28 6.5 MES TritonX Arg high Glycerol 0 0 0 0 DTT
29 6.5 MES TritonX Glut low none 1 1 0 0 TCEP
30 6.5 MES TritonX Glut high Glycerol 1 1 0 1 none
31 6.5 MES Tween80 none none none 0 1 1 1 DTT
32 6.5 MES Tween80 none low PEG 1 0 0 0 TCEP
33 6.5 MES Tween80 none low PEG 1 0 0 1 DTT
34 6.5 MES Tween80 Arg none PEG 0 1 1 0 TCEP
35 6.5 MES Tween80 Glut high none 0 0 1 0 DTT
36 6.5 MES CHAPS none high Glycerol 0 1 1 0 TCEP
37 6.5 MES CHAPS Arg high PEG 1 1 1 0 none
38 6.5 MES CHAPS Arg high Glycerol 0 0 1 1 none
39 6.5 MES CHAPS Glut none none 1 1 0 1 none
40 6.5 MES CHAPS Glut low PEG 0 0 0 1 TCEP
41 7.5 HEPES none none low PEG 0 1 0 1 none
42 7.5 HEPES none Arg high none 0 0 1 1 TCEP
43 7.5 HEPES none Arg high Glycerol 0 1 0 0 none
44 7.5 HEPES none Glut none PEG 0 1 0 0 TCEP
45 7.5 HEPES none Glut high Glycerol 0 0 0 0 DTT
46 7.5 HEPES TritonX none none none 0 0 1 1 none
47 7.5 HEPES TritonX none none none 1 0 1 0 TCEP
48 7.5 HEPES TritonX Arg low PEG 0 0 0 1 TCEP
49 7.5 HEPES TritonX Arg low Glycerol 1 1 1 0 none
50 7.5 HEPES TritonX Glut high PEG 1 1 0 0 TCEP
51 7.5 HEPES Tween80 none none Glycerol 1 0 1 1 none
52 7.5 HEPES Tween80 none low PEG 0 1 1 1 DTT
53 7.5 HEPES Tween80 none low PEG 1 1 1 1 TCEP
54 7.5 HEPES Tween80 Glut none none 1 1 1 1 DTT
55 7.5 HEPES Tween80 Glut high none 1 0 0 1 DTT
56 7.5 HEPES CHAPS none low Glycerol 0 1 0 0 DTT
57 7.5 HEPES CHAPS Arg none Glycerol 1 1 0 0 TCEP
58 7.5 HEPES CHAPS Arg low none 0 0 1 1 none
59 7.5 HEPES CHAPS Glut high PEG 1 0 1 0 DTT
60 8.2 Tris none none high PEG 0 0 1 1 TCEP
61 8.2 Tris none Arg none none 1 1 1 0 DTT
62 8.2 Tris none Glut none none 0 0 1 1 none
63 8.2 Tris none Glut low none 0 1 0 0 TCEP
64 8.2 Tris none Glut low Glycerol 1 1 1 0 DTT
65 8.2 Tris TritonX none low PEG 1 1 1 1 none
66 8.2 Tris TritonX none high Glycerol 1 0 1 0 none
67 8.2 Tris TritonX Arg high PEG 1 1 0 1 DTT
68 8.2 Tris TritonX Glut high PEG 0 1 1 1 TCEP
69 8.2 Tris Tween80 none high none 1 1 0 0 none
70 8.2 Tris Tween80 Arg low Glycerol 0 1 0 0 DTT
71 8.2 Tris Tween80 Arg high Glycerol 1 0 0 1 TCEP
72 8.2 Tris Tween80 Glut none Glycerol 0 0 0 1 none
73 8.2 Tris CHAPS none low none 1 0 0 0 none
74 8.2 Tris CHAPS none low Glycerol 0 0 1 1 TCEP
75 8.2 Tris CHAPS Arg none none 0 1 0 0 DTT
76 8.2 Tris CHAPS Arg none PEG 1 0 0 1 DTT
77 8.2 Tris CHAPS Glut none PEG 0 0 1 0 TCEP
78 9.2 CHES none none none Glycerol 1 1 0 1 TCEP
79 9.2 CHES none Arg none PEG 0 1 1 0 none
80 9.2 CHES none Arg low none 1 1 0 1 TCEP
81 9.2 CHES none Glut high Glycerol 1 0 0 1 DTT
82 9.2 CHES TritonX none none none 0 0 0 0 TCEP
83 9.2 CHES TritonX none none Glycerol 0 1 1 1 DTT
84 9.2 CHES TritonX none high PEG 1 0 1 0 DTT
85 9.2 CHES TritonX Arg low none 1 1 1 1 DTT
86 9.2 CHES TritonX Glut low none 0 0 0 0 none
87 9.2 CHES Tween80 none high PEG 0 1 0 0 none
88 9.2 CHES Tween80 Arg low none 1 0 1 0 TCEP
89 9.2 CHES Tween80 Arg low Glycerol 0 0 0 0 none
90 9.2 CHES Tween80 Glut none PEG 0 1 0 0 none
91 9.2 CHES Tween80 Glut high none 1 0 1 0 none
92 9.2 CHES CHAPS none high Glycerol 1 1 0 1 DTT
93 9.2 CHES CHAPS Arg none PEG 0 0 0 1 DTT
94 9.2 CHES CHAPS Glut low PEG 1 0 1 0 none
95 9.2 CHES CHAPS Glut low Glycerol 0 0 1 1 TCEP
96 9.2 CHES CHAPS Glut high none 1 1 1 1 TCEP


References

  1. http://www.piercenet.com/files/1453as4.pdf

    [Pierce]
  2. Vincentelli R, Canaan S, Campanacci V, Valencia C, Maurin D, Frassinetti F, Scappucini-Calvo L, Bourne Y, Cambillau C, and Bignon C. High-throughput automated refolding screening of inclusion bodies. Protein Sci. 2004 Oct;13(10):2782-92. DOI:10.1110/ps.04806004 | PubMed ID:15388864 | HubMed [Vincentelli]
  3. Willis MS, Hogan JK, Prabhakar P, Liu X, Tsai K, Wei Y, and Fox T. Investigation of protein refolding using a fractional factorial screen: a study of reagent effects and interactions. Protein Sci. 2005 Jul;14(7):1818-26. DOI:10.1110/ps.051433205 | PubMed ID:15937284 | HubMed [Willis]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed



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