User:Yeem/20.309/Mod 1 lab report: Difference between revisions
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==Results== | ==Results== | ||
:''Our Matlab m-files are available [[:Image:yeem-M-files.zip|here]].'' | :''Our Matlab m-files are available [[:Image:yeem-M-files.zip|here]].'' | ||
Voltages from the transimpedence amplifier and the RTD circuit were sampled in real time with LabView. We took this raw data and attempted to filter out high-frequency noise by convoluting the voltage vectors of each sample with a low-pass filter kernel. Next, we assumed that each experiment began with the sample completely dehybridized at 90 degrees Celsius and ended completely hybridized at 40 degrees C, and normalized our data accordingly. Other assumptions we made included the linear correlation of DNA hybridization with relative fluoresence, as well as linear cooling of the RTD over time. Plots of fractional saturation versus temperature were eyeballed and resampled to further remove noise if necessary. Finally, the discrete derivative of the relative fluorscence with respect to temperature (time) was taken and graphed on a separate chart. | Voltages from the transimpedence amplifier and the RTD circuit were sampled in real time with LabView. We took this tab-delimited raw data and attempted to filter out high-frequency noise by convoluting the voltage vectors of each sample with a low-pass filter kernel. Our kernel, <math>H</math>, was specified in <code>lowpass.m</code> by | ||
:<math>H = \{x | \forall n \in W \and x = \frac{1}{\Sigma x} e^{\frac{-n}{k}}\}</math> | |||
where <math>W</math> is a set of size equal to the length of the kernel window and <math>k</math> is the exponential decay constant. For our filter, we used | |||
:<math>W = \{1,2,...,16\}</math><br><math>k = 8</math> | |||
to define <math>H</math>. Our filtered output was characterized by <math>f * g</math>. To account for edge effects, we padded our raw data by appending <math>|W|</math> data points at the beginning matching our first experimental value and another set of data points at the end equal to our last data point. | |||
At this point our sample data was stored in an <math>nx2</math> matrix where <math>n</math> is the number of distinct time points. Next, we assumed that each experiment began with the sample completely dehybridized at 90 degrees Celsius and ended completely hybridized at 40 degrees C, and normalized our data accordingly. Theoretically we would have calculated our temperature directly via | |||
:<math>R_L = V_m(\frac{V_i-V_m}{R_1} - \frac{V_m}{R_2})^{-1}</math> | |||
:<math>R_L = R_0 + \alpha T</math> | |||
:<math>T = \frac{1}{\alpha}[V_m(\frac{V_i-V_m}{R_1} - \frac{V_m}{R_2})^{-1} - R_0]</math> | |||
Other assumptions we made included the linear correlation of DNA hybridization with relative fluoresence, as well as linear cooling of the RTD over time. Plots of fractional saturation versus temperature were eyeballed and resampled to further remove noise if necessary. Finally, the discrete derivative of the relative fluorscence with respect to temperature (time) was taken and graphed on a separate chart. | |||
===Effect of ion concentration=== | ===Effect of ion concentration=== | ||
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[[Image:Yeem-theoretical.png|thumb|right|'''Figure 6.''' Plot of experimental data from 40bp perfect match versus theoretical fit.]] | [[Image:Yeem-theoretical.png|thumb|right|'''Figure 6.''' Plot of experimental data from 40bp perfect match versus theoretical fit.]] | ||
The theoretical model is calculated via | The theoretical model is calculated via | ||
:<math>T(f) = \frac{\Delta H^{\circ}}{\Delta S^{\circ}-R \ln(2f/C_T(1-f)^2)}</math> | |||
<math> | |||
T(f) = \frac{\Delta H^{\circ}}{\Delta S^{\circ}-R \ln | |||
(2f/C_T(1-f)^2)} | |||
</math> | |||
where <math>C_T</math> is the total concentration of single-strand oligonucleotides and <math>f</math> is the fractional hybridization calculated by normalizing photodiode voltage. In figure 6, we attempt to fit our data using coefficients for <math>H</math> and <math>S</math> solved by the Matlab function <code>lsqcurvefit</code>. | where <math>C_T</math> is the total concentration of single-strand oligonucleotides and <math>f</math> is the fractional hybridization calculated by normalizing photodiode voltage. In figure 6, we attempt to fit our data using coefficients for <math>H</math> and <math>S</math> solved by the Matlab function <code>lsqcurvefit</code>. | ||
Revision as of 13:43, 10 October 2007
During the DNA melting curve module our goal was to construct a device to determine the effects of various parameters on the melting temperature of DNA. Samples were mixed with dye in cuvettes and heated in a water bath, then subjected to excitation by a filtered light source. The resulting fluorescence intensity was measured by a photodiode, whose signal was fed into a transimpedence amplifier. Voltage from the photodiode as well as from a resistance temperature detector were recorded by a PC data acquisition program and were analyzed by Matlab.
DNA melting curve apparatus
The circuit we devised was given to noisy interference and plagued by inconsistencies. Despite our best efforts, the system failed so often that we were at times highly suspicious of its output, even when it appeared to be operating correctly. Nonetheless we were able to gather useful data, with the help of multiple filters and smoothing.
Optical system
Our light source was an LED with a peak wavelength of 475nm. We used SYBR Green dye in our DNA samples, which is excited by blue light with a wavelength of 498nm. To narrow the spectrum of our LED, we used a Chroma Technology D470 filter; to narrow the cone of divergence, we used a lens with a focal length of 50mm.
SYBR Green dye emits light with a wavelength of 522nm. We attempted to minimize the effects of other light sources by using another filter and lens combination in front of our photodiode, and additionally mounting the fluorescence recovery tube at a ninety degree angle to the source of excitation.
Electrical system
The aforementioned LED was driven with a constant current source provided by an LM317T variable voltage regulator. Current from the photodiode served as the input of an LF411 transimpedence amplifier with a gain of approximately 1e8 V/A. In addition, we connected a capacitor across the input and output leads, sacrificing time reponse for noise reduction.
Measurements of temperature were done indirectly via an RTD mounted on the heating block cointaining our DNA sample. The RTD was connected to a voltage divider, and the voltage across the RTD recorded.
Results
- Our Matlab m-files are available here.
Voltages from the transimpedence amplifier and the RTD circuit were sampled in real time with LabView. We took this tab-delimited raw data and attempted to filter out high-frequency noise by convoluting the voltage vectors of each sample with a low-pass filter kernel. Our kernel, [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math], was specified in lowpass.m
by
- [math]\displaystyle{ H = \{x | \forall n \in W \and x = \frac{1}{\Sigma x} e^{\frac{-n}{k}}\} }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ W }[/math] is a set of size equal to the length of the kernel window and [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math] is the exponential decay constant. For our filter, we used
- [math]\displaystyle{ W = \{1,2,...,16\} }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ k = 8 }[/math]
to define [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math]. Our filtered output was characterized by [math]\displaystyle{ f * g }[/math]. To account for edge effects, we padded our raw data by appending [math]\displaystyle{ |W| }[/math] data points at the beginning matching our first experimental value and another set of data points at the end equal to our last data point.
At this point our sample data was stored in an [math]\displaystyle{ nx2 }[/math] matrix where [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] is the number of distinct time points. Next, we assumed that each experiment began with the sample completely dehybridized at 90 degrees Celsius and ended completely hybridized at 40 degrees C, and normalized our data accordingly. Theoretically we would have calculated our temperature directly via
- [math]\displaystyle{ R_L = V_m(\frac{V_i-V_m}{R_1} - \frac{V_m}{R_2})^{-1} }[/math]
- [math]\displaystyle{ R_L = R_0 + \alpha T }[/math]
- [math]\displaystyle{ T = \frac{1}{\alpha}[V_m(\frac{V_i-V_m}{R_1} - \frac{V_m}{R_2})^{-1} - R_0] }[/math]
Other assumptions we made included the linear correlation of DNA hybridization with relative fluoresence, as well as linear cooling of the RTD over time. Plots of fractional saturation versus temperature were eyeballed and resampled to further remove noise if necessary. Finally, the discrete derivative of the relative fluorscence with respect to temperature (time) was taken and graphed on a separate chart.
Effect of ion concentration
We recorded four runs of DNA samples with KCl concentrations of 0mm, 5mm, 50mm, and 100mm. The general trend appears to be increasing melting temperature with increasing ion concentrations. It seems that the 5mm curve is an abberation; its fluorescence curve is inconsistent with the general trend and its peak derivative is out of order. The data from the 5mm run was noisy; we were forced to resample.
Effect of length
Of all of our experimental runs, the perfect match samples produced perhaps the best data. From the charts, two distinct peak derivatives are visible, resulting in a curve shifted to a slightly higher melting temperature.
Unknown oligonucleotides
Of the unknown samples, it is clear that B is the complete mismatch. The melting temperature of sample B is around twenty degrees lower than that of sample A. This suggests that one of samples A and C must be the perfect match and one must be the single mismatch. Unfortunately, the identity of A and C is difficult to resolve conclusively, due to fluctuations in sample C. Even after multiple experimental runs and much filtering and resampling, sample C continues to hinder us in our task of determining which sample is which.
Theoretical model
The theoretical model is calculated via
- [math]\displaystyle{ T(f) = \frac{\Delta H^{\circ}}{\Delta S^{\circ}-R \ln(2f/C_T(1-f)^2)} }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ C_T }[/math] is the total concentration of single-strand oligonucleotides and [math]\displaystyle{ f }[/math] is the fractional hybridization calculated by normalizing photodiode voltage. In figure 6, we attempt to fit our data using coefficients for [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] solved by the Matlab function lsqcurvefit
.
Discussion
Our device was lacking in robustness. The data we gathered was at times noisy, inconsistent, or simply wrong. We experienced numerous setbacks, involving faulty circuit components, miscues in PC data acquisition, or human error.
Noise
We employed numerous noise reduction mechanisms. At the most rudimentary level, during measurements we placed a cardboard box and dark blanket over our apparatus, in order to reduce the influence of ambient light on our measurements. Very high frequency noise was removed from the output of the transimpedence amplifier by connecting the input and output with a capacitor. However, in doing so we created another problem, in that the output was characterized by a significant time delay as the capacitor accumulated charge.
Whenever possible, we attempted to minimize the distance that wires had to run, and avoided crossing wires. Leads of circuit components were trimmed and kept short. Capacitors bridged the input and output voltages, and we connected our ground to the bench table. BNC cables were used for their shielding properties.
On the data analysis side, we noticed that portions of our curves had unexpected changes in derivative near the beginning and end of sample runs. These effects were attributed to the increased time delay of our RC circuit and eventual photobleaching of our samples. High frequency noise was removed by convoluting our signal with a low-pass filter kernel and resampling where necessary.
Other problems
Despite our best efforts, our chief failure was the omission of sufficient testing prior to sample collection. Had we taken the time to double-check our circuit components, we might have been able to spot possible problems before they occurred. Our circuit's flaws were readily apparent when we performed pre-sample checkups on later runs.
For example, in attempting to ascertain the saturation voltage of the transimpedence amplifier, we aimed the desk lamp on our bench directly at our photodiode. Upon turning on the lamp, the output voltage began to behave erratically. We expected the voltage to saturate at a certain value and were surprised to find a wildly oscillating signal that had no apparent source. The phenomenon was reproducible to the extent that every time we switched the lamp on, our output lost all coherence. At a loss, we asked Rumi and Steve for help; eventually they were able to determine that our operational amplifier was unstable, and that the electromagnetic spike from turning on the desk lamp's circuit was causing our output to behave erratically.