DNA/ primer mix, 8 tubes, 50 μL each: Each mix contains a different template DNA. All tubes have the same forward primer and reverse primer
A strip of empty PCR tubes
Disposable pipette tips: only use each only once. Never reuse disposable pipette tips or samples will be crosscontaminated
Cup for discarded tips
Micropipettor
OpenPCR machine: shared by two groups
PCR Reaction Sample List
Tube Label
PCR Reaction Sample
Patient ID
G7 +
Positive control
none
G7 -
Negative control
none
G7 1-1
Patient 1, replicate 1
56256
G7 1-2
Patient 1, replicate 2
56256
G7 1-3
Patient 1, replicate 3
56256
G7 2-1
Patient 2, replicate 1
98031
G7 2-2
Patient 2, replicate 2
98031
G7 2-3
Patient 2, replicate 3
98031
DNA Sample Set-up Procedure
Step 1: Take PCR tube and place on ice.
Step 2: Extract DNA from source and place in source tube. Put tube in tube strip.
Step 3: Transfer DNA source from sample tube to PCR tube using micropippete. (Make sure to use a fresh tip each time you use a micropippete, or else you could risk cross contaminating the sample.)
Step 4: Transfer DNA primer mix to PCR tube using micropippete.
Step 5: Transfer PCR reaction mix to PCR tube using micropippete.
Step 6: Make sure contents are mixed by gently swirling the closed PCR tube in your hand
Step 7: Take PCR tube and put in the OpenPCR machine and let it run it's cycle.
OpenPCR program
Heated Lid: 100°C
Initial Step: 95°C for 2 minutes
Number of Cycles: 25
Denature at 95°C for 30 seconds, Anneal at 57°C for 30 seconds, and
Extend at 72°C for 30 seconds
Final Step: 72°C for 2 minutes
Final Hold: 4°C
Research and Development
PCR - The Underlying Technology
PCR Reaction Components
There are four main components that are essential to the PCR reaction process. These include a template DNA, primers, taq polymerase, and deoxyribonucleotides. Template DNA is important for the reaction process because it is the piece of DNA that is going to be replicated by acting as a template for the primers and polymerase to work on. Primers are short strands of DNA that are complementary to the template DNA. This allows taq polymerase to have a position to start adding nucleotides to in order to replicate the complementary strand. Taq polymerase is an enzyme that is derived from a bacteria found in high temperature environments. This allows the enzyme to not become denatured during the high temperatures that occur in a PCR reaction. Taq polymerase helps add deoxyribonucleotides to the DNA strand in order to replicate it properly. Deoxyribonucleotides consist of deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, and deoxycytidine. These are the monomers that are added to the primers on the template DNA by taq polymerase in order to complete the complementary strand.
Thermal Cycling Steps
During the initial step of the PCR reaction, the thermocycler heats up to 95°C for 3 minutes. The DNA is then denatured at this temperature for 30 seconds. This allows the DNA double helix to unwind and separate into two single stranded DNA molecules. The thermocycler then cools down to 57°C for 30 seconds where the primers attach to their target sequence before the strands can join back together. The thermocycler then heats back up to 72°C where taq polymerase can attach to the primers and add the complementary nucleotides to complete the strand. This step lasts for 3 minutes to ensure that the entire strand is completed. The temperature is then set to 4°C for short term storage of the reaction.
The four nucleotides that are attached to the DNA template are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. Adenine binds to Thymine while Cytosine binds to Guanine. The two steps of thermal cycling in which the base-pairing occurs is during the annealing and extension step. During the annealing step, the primers are attached to the complementary strand. For the extension step, the nucleotides are paired to the DNA template by taq polymerase.
Question #3
Adenine anneals to Thymine, and Thymine to Adenine. Cytosine anneals to Guanine, and Guanine to Cytosine.
Question #4
Base pairing occurs during the annealing section of pcr, becausr that's when the polymerase takes the DNA nucleotides and binds them to their corresponding positions on the base strand.
SNP Information & Primer Design
Background: About the Disease SNP
SNP is single-nucleotide polymorphism. It's where a single nucleotide in the genome is changed from it's normal code. The single nucelotide changed can cause changes in amino acid coding and protein folding. When this happens the DNA is changed and the individual may be more susceptible to certain diseases, like sickle cell or Alzheimer's. We can look the genome sites where these susceptibilities occur and determine if an individual is more likely to get a certain disease.
Primer Design and Testing
Part.1
1.A nucleotide is the basic form to create a DNA blocks.
2.A polymorphism is a programming language that is used to analyze different types of objects depending on the data collected relatively.
3.Human; Homo sapiens
4. Genomic
5.NA
6. single nucleotide variation
7. genes associated with immunity and inflammation and risk of NHL
BME 100 Spring 2016
