IGEM:Harvard/2006/Cyanobacteria/Literature

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Literature

Cyanobacteria background and practicality

  1. Genetic noise in the cyanobacterial oscillator
    • Very good PhD thesis by Jeffrey Chabot which has general cyanobacteria information and culturing information. Also deals with using a GFP reporter. From the vanO lab.
  2. Molecular biology of circadian rhythms / edited by Amita Sehgal
    • Peng's taking a look at it now; in Biolabs
  3. Cyanosite
    • Lots of information on cyanobacteria culture mediums and good links to other resources.

Western Blotting Protocols

Links and descriptions taken from Protocol-Online

  1. Western Blotting- A Beginner's Guide
    • In this 9-page protocol, you can find everything you need to know about Western blotting including lysate preparation, denaturation and reduction of protein, electrophoresis (tips on positive controls, MW markers, loading controls), tips on transferring, blocking and incubation.
  2. Western Blotting Protocol (Lab of Dr. Mark Barton Frank, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation)
    • The most complete Western protocol including:

Preparation of protein from human cells Preparation of Bacterially Expressed Proteins SDS-PAGE Separating Gels (Hoeffer baby gels) Electrophoretic Transfer for Dry Blots Electrophoretic Transfer For Wet Blots Detection of Antigen on Membranes Photograph the membranes Recipes

  1. Howell Lab
    • Procedures for preparation of cell lysate, gel, electrophoresis, transfer, antibody detection and stripping membranes.
  2. Corbett Lab
  3. EnCor Biotechnology
    • Well written Western protocol in plain English
    • The accompanying SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis protocol.

Papers on latest findings

  1. Nakajima M, Imai K, Ito H, Nishiwaki T, Murayama Y, Iwasaki H, Oyama T, and Kondo T. Reconstitution of circadian oscillation of cyanobacterial KaiC phosphorylation in vitro. Science. 2005 Apr 15;308(5720):414-5. DOI:10.1126/science.1108451 | PubMed ID:15831759 | HubMed [1]
  2. Kondo T and Ishiura M. The circadian clock of cyanobacteria. Bioessays. 2000 Jan;22(1):10-5. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(200001)22:1<10::AID-BIES4>3.0.CO;2-A | PubMed ID:10649285 | HubMed [2]
  3. Naef F. Circadian clocks go in vitro: purely post-translational oscillators in cyanobacteria. Mol Syst Biol. 2005;1:2005.0019. DOI:10.1038/msb4100027 | PubMed ID:16729054 | HubMed [3]
  4. Xu Y, Mori T, and Johnson CH. Cyanobacterial circadian clockwork: roles of KaiA, KaiB and the kaiBC promoter in regulating KaiC. EMBO J. 2003 May 1;22(9):2117-26. DOI:10.1093/emboj/cdg168 | PubMed ID:12727878 | HubMed [4]
  5. Takai N, Nakajima M, Oyama T, Kito R, Sugita C, Sugita M, Kondo T, and Iwasaki H. A KaiC-associating SasA-RpaA two-component regulatory system as a major circadian timing mediator in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):12109-14. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0602955103 | PubMed ID:16882723 | HubMed [5]
  6. Smith RM and Williams SB. Circadian rhythms in gene transcription imparted by chromosome compaction in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 30;103(22):8564-9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0508696103 | PubMed ID:16707582 | HubMed [6]
  7. Court DL, Sawitzke JA, and Thomason LC. Genetic engineering using homologous recombination. Annu Rev Genet. 2002;36:361-88. DOI:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.061102.093104 | PubMed ID:12429697 | HubMed [7]
  8. Li MZ and Elledge SJ. MAGIC, an in vivo genetic method for the rapid construction of recombinant DNA molecules. Nat Genet. 2005 Mar;37(3):311-9. DOI:10.1038/ng1505 | PubMed ID:15731760 | HubMed [8]
  9. Melton DA, Krieg PA, Rebagliati MR, Maniatis T, Zinn K, and Green MR. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035-56. DOI:10.1093/nar/12.18.7035 | PubMed ID:6091052 | HubMed [9]
  10. Itaya M, Tsuge K, Koizumi M, and Fujita K. Combining two genomes in one cell: stable cloning of the Synechocystis PCC6803 genome in the Bacillus subtilis 168 genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):15971-6. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0503868102 | PubMed ID:16236728 | HubMed [10]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed

  1. Implementing KaiABC in-vitro and demonstrating circadian oscillation
  2. Good review paper on cyanobacteria oscillator, featuring clearly what is unknown
  3. General review paper of current cyanobacteria knowledge recommended by Dave
  4. Information on measuring Phosphorylated KaiC
  5. More on measuring phosphorylated KaiC (SDS-PAGE)
    • Cited in the Nakajima paper
  6. Circadian rhythms in rapidly dividing cyanobacteria, Kondo et al., 1997
  7. Independence of Circadian Timing from Cell Division in Cyanobacteria, Mori and Johnson, 2000
  8. Ratio of KaiABC in vivo

Possible Molecular Mechanisms

After a review of the literature, one will find that not much is known about the molecular mechanism behind the cyanobacteria oscillator; we only have theories of what could be true. Below are some of them, evidence that supports it, and evidence to the contrary.

Activator/Repressor

"Activator-repressor model from 2000, by Chabot 2005"
  • Barkai and Leibler 2000
  • Modeled after Eukarayotic systems
  • Probably not true
    • KaiABC vary as activator/repressor
    • Transcription/translation not essential (invitro experiment)


KaiC phosphorylation model

"KaiC phosphorylation model from 2003, by Chabot 2005"
  • Xu et al 2003
  • Previous research showed
    • Cells without KaiA had all unphosphorylated KaiC
    • Cells without KaiB has all phosphorylated KaiC
    • KaiA protein constant
    • Iwasaki et al. 2002
  • Note: If this model holds true than our experiment in E. coli should show some silencing of genes downstream of KaiBC? We could test it by putting a reporter right downstream of KaiBC easily... very interesting.
  • Note: This would be a good question to ask someone: if we put a reporter right downstream of KaiBC what should happen to that reporter.


KaiB spaitotemporal localization model

"KaiB spaitotemporal localization, 2003"
  • Kitayama et al 2003
  • Idea that KaiB rotates location from the membrane to cytosol
    • Doesn't the in-vitro experiment disprove this?


Transcriptional/Translational independent model

"Transcriptional/translational independent, 2005"
  • Tomita, Nakajima et al 2005
  • Minimal oscillator and an extended timing system
  • Best oscillation system currently developed


KaiC helicase model

  • Proposed by C Johnson (unpub.)
  • Looked at the 2 endogenous plasmids in cyanobacteria and found that they varied supercoiling state
  • Hypothesis is that KaiC acts as a helicase which controls transcription access over genes

Primer Design

IGEM:Harvard/2006/Cyanobacteria/PrimerDesign

  • According to BLAST, KaiC (519aa) is only 81% identical between PCC7942 and 6803.
  • These papers might have our promoter sequences:
  1. Ishiura M, Kutsuna S, Aoki S, Iwasaki H, Andersson CR, Tanabe A, Golden SS, Johnson CH, and Kondo T. Expression of a gene cluster kaiABC as a circadian feedback process in cyanobacteria. Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1519-23. DOI:10.1126/science.281.5382.1519 | PubMed ID:9727980 | HubMed [1]
  2. Kutsuna S, Nakahira Y, Katayama M, Ishiura M, and Kondo T. Transcriptional regulation of the circadian clock operon kaiBC by upstream regions in cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol. 2005 Sep;57(5):1474-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04781.x | PubMed ID:16102014 | HubMed [2]
  3. Goto-Seki A, Shirokane M, Masuda S, Tanaka K, and Takahashi H. Specificity crosstalk among group 1 and group 2 sigma factors in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942: In vitro specificity and a phylogenetic analysis. Mol Microbiol. 1999 Nov;34(3):473-84. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01608.x | PubMed ID:10564489 | HubMed [3]

All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed

  • Especially paper #3, which states that there are 4 known sigma factors.
  • Paper #2 says that -55 to 14 was experimentally determined to be the promoter/operon area for kaiBC (not kaiA :(); -35 and -10 have homology to sigma 70 in E. coli

Kai Gene sizes

  • KaiA size: 855bp
    • 903bp with BioBrick ends
  • KaiB: 309bp
    • 357bp with BioBrick ends
  • KaiC: 1560bp
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