User:Randy Jay Lafler/Notebook/Physics 307L/2010/09/20

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e/m ratio SJK 01:37, 13 October 2010 (EDT) 01:37, 13 October 2010 (EDT) Overall this is a very good primary notebook page. See some of my comments for some missing items and also take a look at my comments on Emran's page. Keep up the great work with the primary notebook and the data taking! Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to measure the ratio e/m. Equipment SJK 01:29, 13 October 2010 (EDT) 01:29, 13 October 2010 (EDT) Equipment and setup sections are very good with excellent photos. Take a look at Emran's notebook, his procedure and safety are more detailed. In future, it's OK to share the primary notebook, up until the point where you need to do your own analyses. I'll reiterate this in class. Power Supply 1 and 2 Power Supply 3 Multimeters Equipment Ruler 6-9V Power supply rated at 2A (Gelman Deluxe Regulated Power Supply) Power supply of 6.0V max rated at 1.5A (Soar DC Power Supply model PS 3630) 150-300V power supply rated at 40mA (Hewlett Packard 6236B) 3 Voltmeters e/m Experimental Apparatus Safety Beware of shock Set up We connected the 6-9V power supply to the Helmholtz jacks with BCN cables. Connect an ammeter in series with the power supply and the jacks to measure the current Next connect the 6.0V power supply to the heater jacks making sure not to exceed 6.3V. We connected a voltmeter in series with the power supply and the heater jacks to make sure the voltage did not exceed 6.3V. We connected the 150-300V power supply rated at 40mA to the electrode jacks of the electron gun. This is the voltage that accelerates the electrons, and is the voltage we used in our equations. We also connected a voltmeter in series witht the electrode jacks and the power supply to take better measurements. Data {{#widget:Google Spreadsheet		key=0Akva81bvmQvLdHVNTV8zdzlRdU1yYTZySjlEY05pUUE	width=1000	height=600 }} SJK 01:22, 13 October 2010 (EDT) 01:22, 13 October 2010 (EDT) Nice spreadsheet. However, since I cannot see the formulas in the spreadsheet, it'd be good to label the cells and explain better what formulas you're using. For example, LINEST. Initial Beam 1 Initial Beam 2 Circle Beam 1 Circle Beam 2 To calculate e/m we first determined B, the magnetic field, by the equation: [math]\displaystyle{ B=\frac{\mu R^2NI}{(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}}\,\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ B=(7.793*10^-4weber/A*m)*I\,\! }[/math] We used the fact that the potential energy of the electrons in the electron beam equals the kinetic energy [math]\displaystyle{ eV=\frac{mv^2}{2}\,\! }[/math] We then calculated v, the velocity of the electrons, by equating two equations: [math]\displaystyle{ F_B=evB\,\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ F_B\! }[/math] is the force of the magnetic field. [math]\displaystyle{ F_c=mv^2/r\,\! }[/math] [math]\displaystyle{ F_c\! }[/math] is the centripetal force. [math]\displaystyle{ F_B=evB\,\! }[/math] Solving for v: [math]\displaystyle{ v=\frac{eBr}{m}\,\! }[/math] Substitute v into energy equation and simplifying: [math]\displaystyle{ e/m=\frac{2V}{r^2*B^2}\,\! }[/math] From the plot of r^2 verse V with constant I: [math]\displaystyle{ r^2=\frac{2Vm}{(7.793*10^-4I)^2*e}\,\! }[/math] This is a line with slope: [math]\displaystyle{ slope=\frac{2m}{(7.793*10^-4I)^2*e}\,\! }[/math] From the graph [math]\displaystyle{ slope=7*10^-6+/-3*10^-7m^2/V\,\! }[/math] Plugging this result into the slope equation: [math]\displaystyle{ e/m=2.07*10^{11}+/-1*10^{10}\frac{C}{kg}\,\! }[/math] From the plot of 1/r verse I with constant V [math]\displaystyle{ 1/r=\sqrt{\frac{(7.793*10^-4)^2*e*I}{2Vm}}\,\! }[/math] This is a line with slope: [math]\displaystyle{ slope=\sqrt{\frac{(7.793*10^-4)^2*e}{2Vm}}\,\! }[/math] From the graph [math]\displaystyle{ slope=16.66(41)/m*A\,\! }[/math] Plugging this result into the slope equation: [math]\displaystyle{ e/m=1.83*10^{11}+/-8.5*10^{9}\frac{C}{kg}\,\! }[/math] The currently accepted value is: [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{e}{m}=1.76\times10^{11}\frac{C}{kg}\,\! }[/math] Error SJK 01:33, 13 October 2010 (EDT) 01:33, 13 October 2010 (EDT) Very good discussion of the systematic error from the loss of energy of the electron beam. The manuel indicates that the greatest form of error is in the measurements of the radius. The reason is because the electron beam is enclosed in a glass envelope and the glass distorts the actual radius of the beam. Their is also systematic error in this experiment because the electrons don't percisely achieve their theoretical velocity. One reason is because the accelerating voltage is not uniform, and another reason is because the electrons loose some velocity do to collisions with the helium atoms in the glass envelope. Both of these errors leads an experimental value higher than the accepted value, which is the case with our experiment as well. The error we reported in our measurements is the error calculated do to a linear fit of our data points. Qualitative Experiments Deflection 3 Deflection 2 Deflection 1 When we rotated the glass envelope it cause the beam to spiral, because a component of the velocity of the electrons in the beam was now in the direction of the magnetic field and therefore unaffected by the Lorentz force, which acts perpendicular to a particle's velocity. Reversing the polarity of the coils caused the beam to deflect downward. The bean stoped deflecting down at about 45. We then switched on the deflection plates. Ve noticed that as the voltage increased the beam grew at an angle to the horizontal. It grew slowly from 40V to about 100V, it grew much faster from about 100V to 110V, and after this point the beam stayed the same length but decreased in angle with the horizontal. Reversing the polarity of the deflection plates caused the beam to point down at the start and to approach the horizontal from below as voltage is increased. When we had the beam hit the deflection plate we saw the beam spiral down the tube. Acknowledgments Professor Koch and Katie for helping us set up the experiment as well as helping us to find the proper power supplies.